Cats and Humans 12,000-Year-Old Commensal Relationship

The modern cat (Felis silvestris catus) is descended from one or more of four or five separate wild cats: the Sardinian wildcat (Felis silvestris lybica), the European wildcat (F. s. silvestris), the Central Asian wildcat (F.s. ornata), the sub-Saharan African wildcat (F.s. cafra), and (perhaps) the Chinese desert cat (F.s. bieti). Each of these species is a distinctive subspecies of F. silvestris, but F.s. lybica was ultimately domesticated and is an ancestor of all modern domesticated cats. Genetic analysis suggests that all domestic cats derive from at least five founder cats from the Fertile Crescent region, from where they (or rather their descendants) were transported around the world. Researchers analyzing cat mitochondrial DNA  have identified evidence that F.s. lybica was distributed across Anatolia from the early Holocene (ca. 11,600 years ago) at the latest. The cats found their way into southeastern Europe before the onset of farming in the Neolithic. They suggest that cat domestication was a complex long-term process, because people took cats with them on overland and ship-board trade facilitating admixture events between geographically separated F.s. lybica and other wild subspecies like F.S. ornata at different times. How Do You Make a Domestic Cat? There are two difficulties inherent in determining when and how cats were domesticated: one is that domesticated cats can and do interbreed with their feral cousins; the other is that the primary indicator of cat domestication is their sociability or docility, traits not easily identified in the archaeological record. Instead, archaeologists rely on the size of animal bones found in archaeological sites (domesticated cats are smaller than feral cats), by their presence outside of their normal range, if they are given burials or have collars or the like, and if there is evidence that they have established a commensal relationship with the humans. Commensal Relationships Commensal behavior is the scientific name for hanging around with humans: the word commensal comes from Latin com meaning sharing and mensa meaning table. As applied to different animal species, true commensals live entirely in houses with us, occasional commensals move between houses and outdoor habitats, and obligate commensals are those that can only survive in an area because of their ability to occupy houses. Not all commensal relationships are friendly ones: some consume crops, steal food, or harbor disease. Further, commensal does not necessarily mean invited in: microscopic pathogens and bacteria, insects, and rats have commensal relationships with humans. Black rats in northern Europe are obligate commensals, which is one of the reasons the medieval bubonic plague was so effective at killing people. Cat History and Archaeology The oldest archaeological evidence for cats living with humans is from the Mediterranean island of Cyprus, where several animal species including cats were introduced by 7500 B.C. The earliest known purposeful cat burial is at the Neolithic site of Shillourokambos. This burial was of a cat buried next to a human between 9500-9200 years ago. The archaeological deposits of Shillourokambos also included the sculpted head of what looks like a combined human-cat being. There are a few ceramic figurines found in the 6th millennium B.C. site of Haà §ilar, Turkey, in the shape of women carrying cats or catlike figures in their arms, but there is some debate about the identification of these creatures as cats. The first unquestioned evidence of cats smaller in size than the wildcat is from Tell Sheikh Hassan al Rai, an Uruk period (5500-5000 calendar years ago [cal BP]) Mesopotamian site in Lebanon. Cats in Egypt Up until very recently, most sources believed that domesticated cats became widespread only after the Egyptian civilization took its part in the domestication process. Several strands of data indicate that cats were present in Egypt as early as the predynastic period, nearly 6,000 years ago. A cat skeleton discovered in a predynastic tomb (ca. 3700 BC) at Hierakonpolis may be evidence for commensalism. The cat, apparently a young male, had a broken left humerus and right femur, both of which had healed prior to the cats death and burial. Reanalysis of this cat has identified the species as the jungle or reed cat (Felis chaus), rather than F. silvestris, but the commensal nature of the relation is unquestioned. Continued excavations at the same cemetery at Hierakonpolis (Van Neer and colleagues) have found a simultaneous burial of six cats, an adult male and female and four kittens belonging to two different litters. The adults are F. silvestris  and fall within or near the size ranges for domesticated cats. They were buried during the Naqada IC-IIB period (ca. 5800–5600 cal BP). The first illustration of a cat with a collar appears on an Egyptian tomb in Saqqara, dated to the 5th dynasty Old Kingdom, ca 2500-2350 BC. By the 12th dynasty (Middle Kingdom, ca 1976-1793 BC), cats are definitely domesticated, and the animals are frequently illustrated in Egyptian art paintings and as mummies. Cats are the most frequently mummified animal in Egypt.   The feline goddesses Mafdet, Mehit, and Bastet all appear in the Egyptian pantheon by the Early Dynastic period—although Bastet is not associated with domesticated cats until later. Cats in China In 2014, Hu and colleagues reported evidence for early cat-human interactions during the Middle-Late Yangshao (early Neolithic, 7,000-5,000 cal BP) period at the site of Quanhucun, in Shaanxi province, China. Eight F. silvestris cat bones were recovered from three ashy pits containing animal bones, pottery sherds, bone and stone tools. Two of the cat jaw bones were radiocarbon dated between 5560-5280 cal BP. The size range of these cats falls within that of modern domesticated cats. The archaeological site of Wuzhuangguoliang contained a nearly complete felid skeleton laid on its left side and dated to 5267-4871 cal BP; and a third site, Xiawanggang, contained cat bones as well. All of these cats were from Shaanxi province, and all were originally identified as F. silvestris. The presence of F. silvestris in Neolithic China supports the growing evidence of complex trade and exchange routes connecting western Asia to northern China perhaps as long ago as 5,000 years. However, Vigne et al. (2016) examined the evidence and believe that all the Chinese Neolithic period cats are not F. silvestris but rather leopard cat (Prionailurus bengalensis). Vigne et al. suggest that the leopard cat became a commensal species beginning in the mid-sixth millennium BP, evidence of a separate cat domestication event. Breeds and Varieties and Tabbies Today there are between 40 and 50 recognized cat breeds, which humans created by artificial selection for aesthetic traits they preferred, such as body and facial forms, beginning about 150 years ago. The traits selected by cat breeders include coat color, behavior, and morphology—and many of those traits are shared across breeds, meaning they were descended from the same cats. Some of the traits are also associated with deleterious genetic traits such as osteochondrodysplasia affecting the development of cartilage in Scottish Fold cats and taillessness in Manx cats. The Persian or Longhair cat has an extremely short muzzle with large round eyes and small ears, a long, dense coat, and a round body. Bertolini and colleagues recently found that candidate genes for the facial morphology may be associated with behavioral disorders, susceptibility to infections, and breathing issues. Wildcats exhibit a striped coat coloration pattern referred to as mackerel, which in many cats appears to have been modified to the blotched pattern known as tabby. Tabby colorations are common in many different modern domestic breeds. Ottoni and colleagues note that striped cats are commonly illustrated from the Egyptian New Kingdom through the Middle Ages. By the 18th century AD, the blotched tabby markings were common enough for Linnaeus to include them with his descriptions of the domestic cat. Scottish Wildcat The Scottish wildcat is a large tabby cat with a bushy black ringed tail that is native to Scotland. There are only about 400 left and are thus among the most endangered species in the United Kingdom. As with other endangered species, threats to the wildcats survival include habitat fragmentation and loss, illegal killing, and the presence of feral domestic cats in wild Scottish landscapes. This last leads to interbreeding and natural selection resulting in the loss of some of the characteristics which define the species. Species-based conservation of the Scottish wildcat has included removing them from the wild and placing them into zoos and wildlife sanctuaries for captive breeding, as well as the targeted destruction of feral domestic and hybrid cats in the wild. But that reduces the number of wild animals even further. Fredriksen )2016) has argued that the pursuit of native Scottish biodiversity by attempting to stamp out non-native feral cats and the hybrids reduces the benefits of natural selection. It may be that the best chance the Scottish wildcat has of surviving in the face of a changing environment is to breed with domestic cats who are better adapted to it. Sources Bar-Oz G, Weissbrod L, and Tsahar E. 2014. Cats in recent Chinese study on cat domestication are commensal, not domesticated. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 111(10):E876.Bertolini F, Gandolfi B, Kim ES, Haase B, Lyons LA, and Rothschild MF. 2016. Evidence of selection signatures that shape the Persian cat breed. Mammalian Genome 27(3):144-155.Dodson J, and Dong G. 2016. What do we know about domestication in eastern Asia? Quaternary International in press.Fredriksen A. 2016. Of wildcats and wild cats: Troubling species-based conservation in the Anthropocene. Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 34(4):689-705.Galvan M, and Vonk J. 2016. Man’s other best friend: domestic cats (F. silvestris catus) and their discrimination of human emotion cues. Animal Cognition 19(1):193-205. Hu Y, Hu S, Wang W, Wu X, Marshall FB, Chen X, Hou L, and Wang C. 2014. Earliest evidence for commensal processes of cat domestication. Proceedings of the National Academy of Scien ces 111(1):116-120.Hulme-Beaman A, Dobney K, Cucchi T, and Searle JB. 2016. An Ecological and Evolutionary Framework for Commensalism in Anthropogenic Environments. Trends in Ecology Evolution 31(8):633-645.Kurushima JD, Ikram S, Knudsen J, Bleiberg E, Grahn RA, and Lyons LA. 2012. Cats of the pharaohs: genetic comparison of Egyptian cat mummies to their feline contemporaries. Journal of Archaeological Science 39(10):3217-3223.Li G, Hillier LW, Grahn RA, Zimin AV, David VA, Menotti-Raymond M, Middleton R, Hannah S, Hendrickson S, Makunin A et al. 2016. A High-Resolution SNP Array-Based Linkage Map Anchors a New Domestic Cat Draft Genome Assembly and Provides Detailed Patterns of Recombination. G3: Genes Genomes Genetics 6(6):1607-1616.Mattucci F, Oliveira R, Lyons LA, Alves PC, and Randi E. 2016. European wildcat populations are subdivided into five main biogeographic groups: consequences of Pleistocene climate changes or recent anthropogenic fragmentation? Ecology and Evolution 6( 1):3-22.Montague MJ, Li G, Gandolfi B, Khan R, Aken BL, Searle SMJ, Minx P, Hillier LW, Koboldt DC, Davis BW et al. 2014. Comparative analysis of the domestic cat genome reveals genetic signatures underlying feline biology and domestication. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 111(48):17230-17235.Ottoni C, van Neer W, De Cupere B, Daligault J, Guimaraes S, Peters J, Spassov N, Pendergast ME, Boivin N, Morales-Muniz A et al. 2016. Of cats and men: the paleogenetic history of the dispersal of cats in the ancient world. bioRxiv 10.1101/080028. Owens JL, Olsen M, Fontaine A, Kloth C, Kershenbaum A, and Waller S. 2016. Visual classification of feral cat Felis silvestris catus vocalizations. Current Zoology. doi: 10.1093/cz/zox013Platz S, Hertwig ST, Jetschke G, Krà ¼ger M, and Fischer MS. 2011. Comparative morphometric study of the Slovakian wildcat population (Felis silvestris silvestris): Evidence for a low rate of introgression? Mammalian Biology - Zeitschrift fà ¼r Sà ¤ugetierkunde 76(2):222-233.Van Neer W, Linseele V, Friedman R, and De Cupere B. 2014. More evidence for cat taming at the Predynastic elite cemetery of Hierakonpolis (Upper Egypt). Journal of Archaeological Science 45:103-111.Vigne J-D, Evin A, Cucchi T, Dai L, Yu C, Hu S, Soulages N, Wang W, Sun Z, Gao J et al. 2016. Earliest â€Å"Domestic† Cats in China Identified as Leopard Cat ( PLoS ONE 11(1):e0147295.Prionailurus bengalensis).

A Jury Of Her Peers By Susan Glaspell - 1674 Words

Austin Jones English 230-1195 February 14, 2015 Short Fiction and Essay Writing: First Draft During the 19th many men exercised a sexist perspective towards women. During that time many women were not allowed to seek an education, career, any form of independence and were merely seen as caretakers. In â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† Charlotte Gilman Illustrates the controlling behavior that men had exercises on their wives, and the lack of freedom women had to make independent decisions. In â€Å"A Jury of Her Peers† Susan Glaspell illustrates how men exercised prejudice against women by focusing on the sexist perspective of two men during a lawful investigation which rendered them incapable of understanding what actually occurred. Analyzing the work†¦show more content†¦Some women did not even have a choice in marriage and had their marriages arranged by the father. At this point we can establish that during the 19th century that many women lacked control of their own lives and were expected to conform to what they were told without question. Charlotte G ilman wrote a short story by the name of â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† where she thoughtfully illustrates the inequality in of the marriage arrangement, and the controlling nature men had on their wives. Sadly, the reason why it is such a good illustration is because Gilman took the inspiration for this story from her own life. After the birth of her first child Gilman entered a state of postpartum depression and was treated rather poorly for it. Seeking treatment, she was referred to Dr. S. Weir Mitchell who at the time was a prominent specialist on nervous disorders. Dr. Mitchell thought that postpartum depression in women was caused by the absence of household chores and prescribed her a â€Å"rest cure.† This cure involved a constant state of inactivity. Gilman was essentially told she was from there on out, until cured, she was prohibited from undertaking anything whatsoever. However, the cure did not work and further complicated the symptoms of her depression that lead her to eventually leave her husband and child for the sake of her mental health. In â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† Gilman is able to clearly indicate the women is being

IFIP Networking Conference System †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the IFIP Networking Conference System. Answer: Introduction Information Security is very much important for securing any kind of data. Though there are various ways to secure the data but still there lies some loopholes which can lead to leaking of data. The following report discusses about how firewalls can help in securing the data. Advantages Uses the current network routers for the filtering of packets Due to this, security becomes more transparent for the end users. It is quite easy when it comes to installation As it generally works on the current network system therefore implementing the packet security filter on the system becomes less complicated than any other method. It is also quite fast than any other firewall technologies present as in this, very few evaluations are performed therefore it becomes quite easy to maintain and handle too. Disadvantages These do not generally understand the protocols for application layer. It does not offer any value added features like the URL filtering. These are not very secure while using on a large scale. As there is no user based Authentication, it cannot authenticate the information that are coming from various users. Suggestions The technology is acceptable when it is over a small network but when considering a large organization, it is not that safe to use as it cannot track the users from whom the information is coming so it is better not to use. Above all, it allows every data to pass through as it cannot discriminate among the different types of packets (Diekmann et al., 2016). It can be overcome by adding extra features like authentication based system where no one can enter the network without proper authentication. It helps in setting up a standardized environment that is helpful for transparency and securing of the firewalls. It also intercepts between the TCP and UDP connection and later transforms them into SOCKS format. Communication that is possible with SOCKS is restricted within SOCKS clients and its server ("RFC 1928 - SOCKS Protocol Version 5", 1996). Tunneling helps in defining security and also helps in proving authentication as well as confidentiality and integrity. It also helps in combining the possibilities in the circuit level. In order to work properly, the client needs to make modification to the SOCKS ("RFC 1928 - SOCKS Protocol Version 5", 1996). Conclusion From the above discussion, it can be concluded that data security is very much important and a good practice as it helps in securing the data from any kind of theft. There are a few advantages as well as disadvantages on using the firewall as it is mainly used for small networks and in order to use it for any large scale business, it needs to be incorporated with various other features so as to work with more ease. References Diekmann, C., Michaelis, J., Haslbeck, M., Carle, G. (2016, May). Verified iptables firewall analysis. InIFIP Networking Conference (IFIP Networking) and Workshops, 2016(pp. 252-260). IEEE. RFC 1928 - SOCKS Protocol Version 5. (1996). Tools.ietf.org. Retrieved 9 May 2017, from https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc1928

is a critique on the top catagory Stephanie Coontz “The Radical Idea of Marrying for Love” Essay Example

is a critique on the top catagory Stephanie Coontz: â€Å"The Radical Idea of Marrying for Love† Essay Date: June 19, 2011 Stephanie Coontz: â€Å"The Radical Idea of Marrying for Love† Introduction According to Coontz on the subject of â€Å"The Radical Idea of Marrying for Love†, she illustrates her ideas that marriage expectations are sometimes unrealistic to many people from different cultures. This idea of marrying for love is also emphasized more by George Bernard Shaw’s theory. According to Shaw, the main purpose of marriage is to bring two people together who are under the effects of passion and only death can separate them. Therefore, Coontz in her article tries to describe the various manners in which different cultures perceive the idea of love and marriage. In her opinion, most people from different cultures get married and fall in love as the days pass by, but they do not get married because they are in love. Love when marrying in some cultures is meaningless, although in other cultures, love is the major purpose why people get into marriage because they perceive it as a necessity according to Coontz. My general expression on this article is that it is informative and interesting since the information provided was of great use to me. Interestingly, I learned that love is not a necessity in different cultures, and some people just get married and then fall in love later. It is quite interesting to learn the main purposes why people get married in different cultures. The article was very informative to me. Love and marriage are considered to go together for an everlasting and strong relationship in different cultures, therefore it is necessary that people respect the way each culture takes on this issue of love and marriage. We will write a custom essay sample on is a critique on the top catagory Stephanie Coontz: â€Å"The Radical Idea of Marrying for Love† specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on is a critique on the top catagory Stephanie Coontz: â€Å"The Radical Idea of Marrying for Love† specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on is a critique on the top catagory Stephanie Coontz: â€Å"The Radical Idea of Marrying for Love† specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Summary The article demonstrates the idea of love and marriage in different cultures. Coontz explains in detail the history of marriage in different cultures worldwide. In addition, she illustrates how marriage has changed from being a necessity just for the community survival to being a basic fulfillment in people’s lives in terms of happiness and excitement. Historically, marriage was viewed as tool to survive things such as affectionate and passion had little or no place in most marriages. According to George Shaw’s theory, people should take marriage seriously by involving the idea of love so that they remain together until death separate them. In some cultures according to history, it was absurd for some to get married with the claim of being in love with the partner. However, that mentality changed in some cultures and currently, most people fall in love, get married and live together forever in love. It is still surprising that in some cultures, it was good for a person to get married then develop love later. In Marriage, in case love was accepted then it was only for a short time, such cultures did not encourage the idea that couples should expose their feeling to each other. Analysis of presentation Historically, it looked weird for a person to say that he or she is love. This is because it was seen as a big threat to the community. For instance, falling in love was seen as a social disruption behavior in ancient India. Love was perceived to be a destruction of the mind, which could only be treated through engaging in sexual intercourse. This could be either with the loving partner or just any person of opposite sex. According to Coontz, the fastest way to overcome temptation and desire is to engage in the act immediately, forget it and proceed with other useful issues. The husband could be forced to divorce his wife by his parents if the wife was not behaving as required by the family or if she failed to give birth to a specific child in terms of gender. This can be seen in some communities like China, too much love expressed between married couples was taken to be a threat to unity of the extended family. The husband could be encouraged to marry another wife or even get himself a concubine. Interestingly, if the husband was seen expressing too much to his wife in a romantic manner, the parents could send the wife away from their home. According to studies, love in the Chinese society meant a disapproved relationship. This led to researchers to find for an alternative term that they could replace with the word love, as they knew that such a radical new concept needed a special label. According to researchers, â€Å"marriage is not a real excuse for not loving† meaning that falling in love with a person outside marriage was permitted (Coontz 90). This was the way love was viewed in France during the 12th century. It was declared that if a man loved his wife so much, then he was considered a dull man and therefore no other person could wish to associate with him. People assumed that real love was only portrayed in books but it did not exist in the real world. Nevertheless, with time, the king fell in love although not with their legal partners. This was so because queens were supposed to keep secrets from their husbands, therefore this reveals that even the queens went out of their marriage to seek for love and affection from other men. Currently, there still some societies that do not take love to be the major purpose for their marriage. For instance in northern Cameroon, love is not considered as a legitimate feeling in marriages. â€Å"In many poor families and working-class societies, expression of too much love between married couples is perceived to be a disruptive act because it motivates the couple to isolate themselves for the huge web of dependence that builds the society† (Coontz 90). However, currently few societies have accepted the idea of love and have incorporated it successfully in their marriages and child upbringing. Countries like Western Europe and North America have established the entire process of new values on the manners in which they can plan and organize the issues of marriage, love and sexuality. These values have been proved to be useful thus are being spread all over the world. These values emphasizes that marriages are supposed to meet psychological and social needs more than ever before. There is supposed to be freedom in marriages, more understanding, love, less or no violence, and no gender discriminations as they used to be in the past. Response to the Presentation My general response on this article presentation is that it was an effective article because its ideas are informing and interesting thus of great use to me. Interestingly, I learned that love is not a necessity in marriage to different cultures, and some people just get married and then fall in love later. The author did her best in writing this article because it addressed important issues that are affecting many societies especially love and marriage. She emphasized the need to embrace love in marriages to avoid experiencing divorces and separation within families. The author succeeded in her presentation because her article was detailed well as required thus creates satisfaction to the reader. Conclusion The main purpose of marriage is for two people who are under the influence of passion to come together and share love until death separates them. Coontz in her article described the various ways in which different cultures view the idea of love and marriage. In her opinion, most people from different cultures get married and fall in love as the days pass by, but they do not get married because they are in love. The idea of love in many cultures does not exist; in fact, it is viewed as an abomination for someone to express too much love to his or her married partner. For instance, in Chinese society, any relationship based on love was considered a social threat to the extended family thus; it was not approved by the family. In France, any man seen to fall in love was isolated from others because he was viewed as not an active man in the society. Therefore, Coontz in her article has shown as the radical idea for marrying for love in many different cultures. Works Cited Coontz, Stephanie. Marriage, a history: from obedience to intimacy, or how love conquered marriage. New York, NY: Viking, 2005. Print.

The Pharos Lighthouse of Alexandria †An Archeological Perspective Essay Sample free essay sample

Ben was concentrating over the book. and he shortly started copying the image. â€Å"It lasted a thousand old ages and was 40 narratives tall. I bet if they sent frogmans down. they could still happen some balls of it. Why don’t they do that? † â€Å"I think they’ve tried. but the underside of the Mediterranean has been filled up with beds and beds of sand. silt. and what have you for all those old ages. † ( Page. 2003. p. 80 ) The Pharos at Alexandria was the tallest and most astonishing beacon of all time built by any state in any age – antediluvian or modern. Alexander the Great founded the brilliant metropolis of Alexandria on the shores of the Mediterranean Sea in the Egypt of 23 centuries ago. Not much of this ancient capital survives today. for its past glorification lies buried deep resistance. Under the Waterss of its seaport particularly. there lie gigantic hoarded wealths of a rich and varied yesteryear. We will write a custom essay sample on The Pharos Lighthouse of Alexandria – An Archeological Perspective Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Today. a few submerged archaeological sites accessible to visitants here offer recreational adventurers a whole new experience of sing ancient artefacts – in a manner no museum can ( Buckley 2002 ) . Naturally. there are even proposals to construct an underwater museum here. In these cloudy Waterss are found the leftovers of the Alexandria’s most dramatic memorial. â€Å"a tower on an island. of colossal tallness. built with astonishing plants. † as Julius Caesar one time described it. It was declared one of the Seven Wonders of the ancient universe. and was the latest building to be reckoned in this iconic list. For centuries this mighty marble and sandstone building astonished all who had the good luck to lay eyes on it — until a ruinous temblor brought it crumpling down. Today. the ruins of this brilliant ancient skyscraper prevarication buried in shallow Waterss. along with a host of other deep-set hoarded wealths. Alexandria’s greatest hoarded wealths lie 6-8m beneath the moving ridges. Out there are the amazing ruins of the Pharos of Alexandria – the beacon known as the Seventh Wonder of the World – Cleopatra’s castle. colossal columns and drowned rock Gods. ( Alexander. 2002 ) In 4th and 3rd centuries BC. during the reigns of Ptolemy I and his boy Ptolemy II. Alexandria developed into a great metropolis which became the gem of the Mediterranean. taking over from Athens as the commercial and cultural capital of the Grecian universe. Immigrants were recruited from all over the Grecian universe to the new metropolis. and shortly at that place evolved a assorted population of Greeks. native Egyptians. Jews. and other cultural groups. The first Ptolemies developed the layout of the metropolis ( based on a grid program around two chief crossing thoroughfares running the length of the ancient metropolis ) and raised some of its most celebrated constructions. An interesting ancient description of the metropolis is found in book 17 of the geographer Strabo. who visited Alexandria in 24 BC. Mention of it is besides made in Pliny’s Natural History. However. beyond such scattered literary beginnings extant today. our cognition of ancient Alexandria had been lim ited because the ancient metropolis has been continuously inhabited and built over. and small of its glorious heritage remains integral today. Further. Alexandria’s shoreline has sunk several metres since antiquity. submersing big countries of the original metropolis. Most significantly. the legendary ancient library of Alexandria which could hold provided us with plentifulness of relevant information was burnt during Muslim invasions during the mediaeval epoch. The seaports of the Hellenistic age were normally of huge size and incorporate program. The premier seaport of the period was the 1 at Alexandria. The program of this seaport is crowned by the celebrated Pharos. the visible radiation of which could allegedly be seen from about 50 kilometers off. There were two basins at Alexandria. the Great Harbor. which faced E. and the Eunostos. which faced west. The Great Harbor or the Eastern Harbor was formed by two rock moels ( one of which was 900 metres long ) . the tips of which were 600 thousand apart. though submerged obstructions reduced this gap to two entrywaies. 100 and 200 m broad. severally. Located on the level Nile Delta. the hustling port of Alexandria had no bluffs or other elevated natural characteristics to function as seamark for seamans. and that was the ground a Pharos was needed in the first topographic point. The building of it in the Eastern Harbor was started by Ptolemy I in 290 BC. After his decease. the undertaking was completed by Ptolemy II in 280 B. C. It was built at a astonishing cost and used a considerable sum of slave labour. It was the innovation of the Crane that allowed the building of both the Colossos of Rhodes and the Pharos beacon at Alexandria ( Kearney. 2004. 38 ) . The beacon was genuinely prodigious in graduated table. a wonder of ancient technology and one of the most legendary edifices in all of antiquity. standing anyplace between 360-ft to 450-ft high. It was likely constructed on the site of an earlier smaller beacon on the Pharos Island. In antiquity. the little offshore island of Pharos was connected to the mainland by a causeway. For over thousand old ages. the Pharos visible radiation guided ships in and out of Alexandria’s Potrus Magnus. the Eastern Harbor. This huge construction. lifting merely above the tallness of the Statue of Liberty. acted as a beacon to crewmans still some tonss of stat mis out to sea. and guided their class among the unreliable reefs that lay merely beyond the city’s seaports. This was accomplished by agencies of a fire which blazed at the acme during the dark and a mirror which reflected the sun’s beams by twenty-four hours. The mirror was besides used to magnify the visible radiation of the fire. and was largely likely made from a curving sheet of polished metal. Achilles Tatius likened the construction to â€Å"a mountain. about making the clouds. in the center of the sea. † Soldiers or slaves – the beacon keepers – tended Pharos’s immense fire in a great caldron on the tower’s top degree. make fulling the skies with bright fires and aglow fume. Although the scope of Pharos beacon was said to hold reached up to 50 kilometer. in all chance it could hold reached merely half that distance. and that excessively in just conditions conditions. However it had been sometimes claimed that it was even seeable a hundred or hundred and 50 kilometres out in the sea. like a superb star steering the class of seamans. Surely. this baronial construction must hold had a profound consequence on the consciousness of Alexandria’s dwellers. in the similar mode as Acropolis had on the citizens of Classical Athens. and the Eiffel Tower had on Parisians around the bend of the century. Pharos was more than a beacon. Every twenty-four hours it was crowded by visitants. Alexandrians every bit good as travellers from every corner of the universe. It was approached foremost through the Heptastadion at the entryway to Alexandria’s first-class seaport. a wall of solid granite that extended the length of seven bowls ( 1250m ) and connected the metropolis with Pharos Island ( Humphrey et al. 1998. 472 ) . The beacon consisted of three subdivisions. The base was of square building. the in-between part octagonal. and the top cylindrical. The construction was topped by the statue of Poseidon. the Grecian God of Sea. This towering construction was to be the paradigm of all beacons in the Roman imperium an d finally the full universe. For centuries. it majestically withstood the storms of tide and clip. The Pharos was described by many ancient writers and was depicted on coins of the Roman period. Writers and travellers from the medieval periods described the Pharos and the harm it received in consecutive temblors. Artists painted their notional constructs of it. The Frankish pilgrim. Arculf. gives us this prosaic history of the beacon ( ca. 680 ) : At the right-hand side of the port is a little island. on which there is a great tower which both Greeks and Latins called Farus because of its map. [ ‘Pharos’ subsequently became an etymological root for the word ‘lighthouse’ in many Romance linguistic communications. for illustration. in Gallic it is ‘phare’ ] . Voyagers can see it at a distance. so that before they approach the port. peculiarly at night-time. the combustion fire lets them cognize that the mainland adjoins them. lest they be deceived by the darkness and hit upon the stones. or lest they should be unable to acknowledge the bounds of the entryway. When Ibn al-Shaikh visited Pharos in 1165. it was no longer used as a beacon. though it was still in good form to a big extent. and a mosque stood at its really top ( Sarton. 1993. 28 ) . In the descriptions of ulterior Arab geographers the devastation wrought upon the great beacon by temblors featured conspicuously. From their Hagiographas we can besides garner that the Pharos had become a watchtower from which the endangering ships of the work forces of Byzantium might be seen. ( Due to a spiritual split. Egypt was divided from the the Byzantine Roman Empire. and subsequently on. it was occupied by the Arabs. ) An lettering found on one of its walls attests the engagement of Sostratus of Cnidus. who is most likely its designer. Forbidden by the Pharaoh to tie in his name with the tower. as was the tradition during those times. Sostratus carved his name on a tower wall. and so plastered over the lettering so as to carve the name of his employer Ptolemy on it. The builder justly assumed that the plaster would finally crumple away uncovering the name of Pharos’s true designer. Sostratus’ creative activity was wholly destroyed by the temblors of A. D. 1303 and 1323 ( Woods. 2000. 65 ) . The elephantine blocks of granite and marble toppled into the seaport and interfered with transportation for about a 100 old ages before a channel was cleared of the biggest pieces. Equally late as A. D. 1480. the stump of the tower still protruded from the Heptastadion. Around this clip. the Mamaluk grand Turk of Egypt built a fortress and palace at that place. utilizing the marble base of the fallen Pharos for walls. The 15th-century garrison of the Sultan Qait Bey today still stands on the site. For many old ages in Alexandria. narratives were told of fabulous statues and engraved blocks scattered across the sea floor merely outside the Eastern Harbor. However. for a long clip the country was a military zone and considered off-limits to scientific probe. Merely in the 1990’s submerged diggings were carried out near the garrison. uncovering major remains of the mighty Pharos. In 1960. Kemal Abul-Saadat. a immature frogman seeking for fish at a deepness of 24 pess. spotted fragments of an huge statue. one entirely mensurating more than 20 pess long. Egyptian naval frogmans. together with experts from Alexandria’s Greco-Roman Museum. were summoned to the country and after careful scrutiny verified the immature man’s study. reasoning that the immense subdivision of the sculpture was a fragment of the colossal statue of Poseidon that rested for centuries on the top of Pharos beacon. Returning to the site one time once more. the Egyptian frogmans and bookmans discovered a smaller statue. several columns. and a ample sphinx. However. the unsmooth seas prevented them from retrieving more of the fallen antiquities. and because of the clay and silt at the sea’s underside. they were unable to take any exposure. In 1968. the Egyptian authorities. via UNESCO. invited Honor Frost to analyze the site believed to be the remains of the Pharos beacon. Frost enlisted the aid of Abul-Saadat ; the latter by now knew of 100s of submersed archaeological remains in Alexandria’s Waterss. drew maps of the Eastern Harbor. specifying the site of Antirhodos Island and the archaeological remains around Cape Lochias outside the seaport. Together. they examined the site and gave a list of 17 different points located at that place. Frost noted that such grounds would be multiplied a hundred-fold through a large-scale complete study. But this would non happen until 1994. In 1986. nevertheless. the Gallic naval forces. in cooperation with La SOciete FRancaise d’Archeologie Sous-marine ( SOFRAS ) with support from Electricite de France ( EDF ) . salvaged the shipwrecks of Napoleon’s fleet in Abu-Qir Bay. Objects such as cannon. military costumes. utensils for day-to-day usage. and coins were salvaged from the site. However. except for the stray SOFRAS expedition and one or two other major events. the development of Egyptian maritime archaeology mostly remained inactive until April 1994. when the Centre d’Etudes Alexandrines ( CEA ) . directed by Jean-Yves Empereur. decided to finish the Pharos studies begun by Abul-Saadat and Frost. At the same clip. the Institute of Nautical Archeology ( INA ) established a lasting subdivision in Alexandria. under the way of its research associates Cheryl Ward and Douglas Haldane. INA besides established Egyptian Institute of Underwater Archeology in Alexandria. Fortunately. merely the old twelvemonth. in 1993. the Egyptian archaeological and preservation organisation SCA ( Supreme Council of Antiquities ( SCA ) . once the Egyptian Antiquities Organization ( EAO ) stopped a undertaking adopted by the Egyptian Coasts Protection Agency to protect Fort Qaitbay from moving ridges and marine factors. The undertaking proposed throwing 2-ton concrete blocks of the garrison to weaken wave action and protect the fort’s walls. which would hold spelled catastrophe for 100s of submersed archaeological remains near the garrison. In the autumn 1994. a squad of CEA archaeologists. in cooperation with the SCA. began an extended study to find the extent of the Pharos site. and the figure. size. and importance of the pieces. As with any archaeological site. plotting a elaborate. accurate map was a necessity. The cartography for Pharos has been an particularly ambitious undertaking. The field of ruins is one of the largest submerged archaeological sites in the Mediterranean. widening over 2. 25 hectares at a depth 6-18 m. Further. pieces frequently lie on top of one another in the sea H2O. To map the site efficaciously. the squad meticulously created a elaborate database. utilizing fresh methodological analysiss. Thankss to the computerized. methodical function of this portion of the seaport. Empereur and his squad have identified more than 2. 500 artefact of archaeological involvement scattered over a broad country. found along with hulls of Greek and Roman ships. as of 2002. Ruins of six monolithic giant. stand foring three twosomes of Ptolemy and his queen. which could hold stood at the base of the Pharos. are besides found here. But it took backbreaking work to convey these archaeological hoarded wealths to visible radiation. In add-on to utilizing the traditional method of triangulation for mensurating the site. CEA team’s work depended on set uping a fixed Electronic Distance Measurement ( EDM ) utilizing an electronic transit on shore to descry the underwater blocks. which were indicated by a reflector mounted on a natation mast. The mast was connected to a lead line placed against the four corners of the submersed block and held in place by a frogman. Another frogman on the surface ensured that right tenseness was maintained and that the drifting mast did non travel excessively much. Depending on the sea conditions. this technique was accurate to between 1-30 centimeter. It was the exclusive option until anew acoustic system was developed in 2001 ( Martin. Shalaan. 2004 ) . Today’s adventurers are equipped with the latest engineering. such as sidescan echo sounder. gaussmeters. sub-bottom p rofiling and GPS. to assist them perforate the silt-laden enigmas of the yesteryear. The high-tech epoch in fact commenced in 1992 when Franck Goddio and his Paris-based European Institute for Underwater Archaeology originally began to electronically map the Eastern Harbour. This work was the anchor of subsequently CEA study missions. In 1994. during Empereur’s extended studies. at the terminal of each twenty-four hours of submerged geographic expedition. information stored in the EDM’s memory was imported into computing machine and combines with triangulation and Global Positioning System ( GPS ) information to plot the overall site map. Partial charts were given to divers the undermentioned twenty-four hours to point them underwater and assist them add complementary characteristics of the blocks. This pioneering method has contributed tremendously to the advancement of the digging and could be applied to other submerged sites around the universe. However. this system is limited by the effects of the crestless wave. and could merely be employed near to the shore when the sea was unagitated. During the first 14-months of plunging. 100s of artefacts were documented. from Pharaonic. papyriform columns. obelisks. sphinxes. and headers to an tremendous aggregation of Greco-Roman columns. capitals. bases. and statues in granite. quartize. diorite. basalt. and marble. Weights ranged from 100 kilograms to 75 dozenss. Forty pieces were salvaged and conserved and are now exhibited in the Roman Theater in Alexandria. This work was non merely backbreaking. but was besides unsafe in many ways — as documented by the PBS telecasting plan of 1997 on this subject: As the frogmans begin to skin back the top bed of blocks. they’re on the look-out for rocks that can be linked to the beacon. Harmonizing to ancient histories. the frontage of the tower bore a dedication carved in big Grecian letters. But in their hunt for the lettering. the submerged investigators uncover some really different grounds. At first. it appears to be a headless king of beasts. But Egyptologists recognize the creature’s true individuality: it’s an ancient sphinx that one time had the caput of a adult male. The frogmans instantly start work to liberate the sphinx with the air-filled balloons. By now. the process should be everyday. but something goes incorrect. The four ton statue interruptions loose and falls to the ocean floor. hardly losing the frogmans. Empereur concluded that the site contained blocks ( 90 per centum of which are granite ) that one time belonged to the beacon. and remains of some other edifices that existed on the island of Pharos. such as the temple of Isis Pharia. Most pieces were recycled from preexistent construction in the Nile Delta and Heliopolis. a metropolis near Cairo. There are clear marks of the application of Greco-Macedonian engineering to thoroughly Egyptian architectural stuffs. throwing light upon both architectural manners and building methods of the Pharos. Though the Greeks commissioned the Pharos. it is likely that it was non built in strictly Grecian manner but besides depended on Egyptian proficient expertness. Significant sums of statue stuffs discovered and grounds of other complete constructions underwater have led to the decision that Pharos was portion of a larger complex. Empereur and his squad are still in the procedure of patching together the scattered remains of what is about surely the Pharos beacon. These submerged diggings are far from over. Every twelvemonth two runs of two months’ continuance each are carried out. The classifying of the 1000s of architectural blocks on the Pharos site is come oning. A few old ages ago. the designer Isabelle Hairy has been able to restructure the frame of a monumental room access made of Aswan granite that stood 11. 45 metres beneath the header. The jambs weighing more than 70 dozenss. the header. the slabs with flexible joint sockets for the dual panelled door all belonged to a mammoth memorial ; this was. it is conjectured. the room access to the Pharos itself. The CEA project’s chief and uninterrupted aims are to progress a clear hypothesis about the agreement of the site and to bring forth a computer-generated architectural Reconstruction of the edifices in the Pharos composite. In this procedure. it is hoped that more hints as to the beginning and devastation of the celebrated beacon of the ancient universe would emerge. Mentions: Alexander. Doug. 2002. Ancient Secrets in Dirty Water. Diver Magazine Online. Accessed on 07 Dec 2006. hypertext transfer protocol: //www. divernet. com/cgi-bin/articles. pl? id=3840 A ; section=1039 A ; action=display A ; show Buckley. Michael. 2002.Diving into History. The Globe and Mail. 19 Oct 2002. Accessed on 07 Dec 2006. hypertext transfer protocol: //www. theglobeandmail. com/servlet/story/LAC. 20021019. DIVE/TPStory/Travel Humphrey. John William ; Oleson. John Peter ; Sherwood. Andrew Neil. 1998.Grecian and Roman Technology: A Sourcebook. New York: Routledge Kearney. Milo. 2004.The Indian Ocean in World History. New York: Routledge Martin. Nelly ; Shaalan. Cecile. 2004. The submerged site off Qaitbay Fort. Accessed on 07 Dec 2006. hypertext transfer protocol: //www. cealex. org/sitecealex/navigation/FENETR_NAV_E. HTM Page. Katherine Hall. 2003.The Body in the Lighthouse: A Faith Fairchild Mystery. New York: Avon Books PBS. ORG. 1997. Treasures of the Sunken City. Accessed on 07 Dec 2006 hypertext transfer protocol: //www. phosphate buffer solution. org/wgbh/nova/transcripts/2417treasures. hypertext markup language Sarton. George. 1993.Hellenic Science and Culture in the Last Three Centuries B. C. Mineola. NY: Capital of delaware Publications Forests. Mary B. 2000.Ancient Construction: From Tents to Towers. Minneapolis. Manganese: Runestone Imperativeness

Comparative Essay essays

Comparative Essay essays Comparative Essay on The Moonstone and The Great Gatsby A novel is a classic when considered to be historically memorable, and has lasting interest or significance. It can also be called classic if it is the first of its kind, or includes special literary or historical associations. When The Moonstone was first published, T.S. Elliot touted it as the first, the longest, and the best of all English detective novels. The Moonstone is a sacred Hindu diamond, stolen from India, and is bequeathed to Rachel Verinder on her 18th birthday. However, on the night of the party, it vanishes. The reader finds out in a dramatic turn of events if the jewel was in fact stolen, or merely lost. The Moonstone by Wilkie Collins is the first English whodunit novel. Published in 1864, it is the forerunner of later whodunits, such as by famous author Agatha Christie. This in its own makes The Moonstone a classic novel, the first of its kind. The novel is also very skillfully set out. Collins tells the story in narratives by many different characters with their own separate personalities and perspectives, as opposed to the simpler idea of one main narrator or a third person view. This allows the reader to have multiple viewpoints of the same events. Seeing the various views in which the reader is privy to, there seems to be no motive to steal the diamond, therefore making it harder to suspect a single character. This keeps the readers interest on the story and plot development. The classic Victorian English stereotype is best portrayed by Gabriel Betteredge. In times of need, he refers to Robinson Crusoe, a novel relating to British imperialism. He sees everything non-British as foreign and evil. For example, he views the un-British-like outbursts by Franklin Blake as foreign gibberish. He is also reluctant to do anything he doesnt understand, as with the laudanum experiment Erza Jenn...

Minix 2 operating system Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Minix 2 operating system - Essay Example so after line no. 21021, declare these counters. Now add hit_counter as I have said in the previous doc. And the time should be incremented each time any function in cache.c is called. So you must add variable time at 21070 & 21035 after having written the code ++hit_counter & Time_requiredtofree_block++. Remember, you have to add printf statements wherever you make an increment to these counters. Initialize hit_counter & time to zero (this is important). Well, I had written two 'C' files named fil1.c and fil2.c, which added and subtracted two numbers. When I ran this statement on bochs, I got the output of the printf statements. The tests of performance was a two step process. In the first part, don't make any changes to the Block_size and the Hash table, but include the variables hit_counter and time. Run the command and see the results. Then increase the BLOCK_SIZE & the Hash table size and then run the same command again. You will definitely find a change in the results. The answer to this lies in question 3. The first set of values was obtained for the variables hit_counter and Time_requiredtofree_block, when the value of BLOCK_SIZE and size of the hash table was 1024. The second values were obtained when the size of BLOCK_SIZE & hashTable was increased. I have found out a few more points which you can use... The second values were obtained when the size of BLOCK_SIZE & hashTable was increased. 5) fifth it says initialize the variables how and where Initialize hit_counter & time to zero at line no. 21021, where you declare them. FEW MORE FINDINGS I have found out a few more points which you can use for your presentation. This is regarding the Lru chain, which can be completely discarded. Instead we can use a circularly linked double linked list. FRONT PIVOT REAR The figure is a bit crude, but I think it can deliver the idea. Frst, the pivot is connected to the hash table entry. The FRONT is the end which contains those blocks that are least needed and the REAR contains those blocks that are expected in the near future (same as LRU). Now, this linked list has the added advantage at the time of reading the next block from this chain unlike reading from the disk thru I/o. in this, the code can be written such that the REAR is used as fast as the FRONT will be accessed. This will ensure that the performance of the cache is enhanced further over the LRU scheme. The reason being that under LRU, for accessing a REAR, it has to traverse to the end, while here, we could use sioimple logic (like a flag where if flag=1 go along front i.e. clockwise from pivot or if flag=0, go along rear from pivot i.e. anti-clockwise). Believe me, this will speed up the cache. It is extremely useful, when under our modified code, contiguous blocks will be accessed fro m the disk. So the OS will perceive that the next necessary block will be the contiguous one and it will place it at the REAR. Then accessing under theis scheme will be much faster than the one under the LRU.Pls feel