Virginia Woolf - Moving Beyond a Convoluted Memory of Her Parents Essay

Virginia Woolf - Moving Beyond a Convoluted Memory of Her Parents For what reason would I start with Julia Duckworth Stephen to get to Virginia Woolf? One answer is Virginia’s regularly cited articulation that we recollect through our moms on the off chance that we are ladies (Woolf, A Room of One’s Own). Woman's rights is established in a reaction to male controlled society as well as throughout the entire existence of females and their treatment of one another. Some portion of women's liberation is a reconsideration of the estimation of parenthood. Be that as it may, what does Virginia’s mother have to do with Virginia’s composing? I decided to take a gander at the issue of legacy by beginning with Julia’s first effects on Virginia, especially her accounts for kids. I at that point proceed onward to pictures of moms in Virginia's books. This exposition isn't just about Virginia’s assignment of defeating the Angel in the House yet moving past an angry and tangled memory of a mother, into an efficient, entire image of females cooperating. In discussing Virginia Woolf with regards to Julia Duckworth Stephen and women's liberation, I will begin from the earliest starting point of Virginia Stephen’s life. The possibility of ‘Mother’ is a fundamental, unmistakable idea in presumably even the most crude human societies. Babies start detachment of self and other with the assemblage of Mother, since a newborn child increases a feeling of ‘continuity of being’ from their mother’s consideration. (Rosenman 12) From this meaning of relationship-as-self, a baby discovers her reality affirmed by input from her mom. Thusly, Julia is the main contact for Virginia with the remainder of the world, and with the entirety of womankind. Since Virginia will proceed to have the vast majority of her significant associations with ladies, this is a significant association. What sort of association right? V... ...pie and Steele, ed. Julia Duckworth Stephen. Syracuse University Press. New York, 1987. Ingram, Heather, ed. Women’s Fiction Between the Wars. Virginia Woolf: Retrieving the Mother. St. Martin's Press. New York, 1998. Johnsen, William. Finding the Father:Virginia Woolf, Modernism, and Feminism. February 28, 2003. http://www.msu.edu/course/eng/492h/johnsen/CH6.htm April 16, 2003. Lee, Hermione. Virginia Woolf. Vintage Books. New York, 1996. Rosenmann, Ellen Bayuk. The Invisible Presence: Virginia Woolf and the Mother-Daughter Relationship. Louisiana State University Press. Twirly doo Rouge, 1986. Woolf, Virginia. Jacob’s Room. Penguin. London, 1992. Mrs. Dalloway. Harcourt Brace. New York, 1981. To The Lighthouse. Harcourt Brace. New York, 1981. A Room of One’s Own. Harcourt Brace. New York, 1981. The Waves. Harcourt Brace. New York, 1981.

Machel and Nujoma Juxtaposed Revolutionaries free essay sample

This paper is an examination of two progressive pioneers in Africa. This paper frets about applying Thomas H. Greens scientific categorization of transformation initiative, ?Comparative Revolutionary Movements? to two cases in a relative way: the cryptic personas of Samora Machel and Sam Nujoma. The creator gives broad foundation data on the transformations and progressives being referred to. The paper talks about how Green sets out a logical structure for contrasting unrests dependent on the correlation of authority, support, philosophy, association, procedures and outside help. From the Paper: Insurgency has plagued the scene of present day African history with a plenty of various models. Certainly, from Algeria to Guinea Bissau, Angola to Mozambique and Zimbabwe to Namibia, Africa has seen a considerable amount of change orientated uprising. Every one of the bunch of African insurgencies has their own story to tell with respect to causes, qualities and results. This paper frets about the qualities of transformation. We will compose a custom paper test on Machel and Nujoma: Juxtaposed Revolutionaries or on the other hand any comparative point explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page To be explicit, the initiatives parts of insurgency. Presently, African history is shaded with numerous extraordinary progressives: Hendrik Witbooi, Joshua Nkomo, Robert Mugabe, Jonas Savimbi, Ben Bella, john Chilembwe and Bambatha all summon in their own correct recollections of the absolute most prominent African pioneers within recent memory and that of the ages before us. It is imperative to comprehend the socio-brain science of this exceptional kind of initiative. To this end, we can utilize the rule of Thomas H Green, created in his fundamental work Comparative Revolutionary Movements.

Best Way to Buy Essays on CD

Best Way to Buy Essays on CDWhat is the best way to buy essays on CD? The answer is simple. Use an online source.Essays are the toughest thing to find a CD for. In fact, most of the sites that are selling them today are selling much more than what you really need, and in the end, it's the worst option.If you want to sell more copies of your writing, it's best to make use of the free materials available to you. By this, I mean online resources that allow you to create and then edit your own essays. You can even take the essays you have created and add new content for the essays that you intend to put on sale.The most time consuming process of all is writing the essay. While you can always go out and purchase a good book or essay book, the truth is that you're using the same old writing skills that you've been using for years. This means that you're not going to be able to write the essay fast enough, nor will you be able to add the necessary skills to make it read as fast as you'd lik e. With such a massive investment that you'll be making, it's best to get your hands on a software tool that can help you with the entire process.Using these tools is ideal because it allows you to cut out the essay writing process altogether. Instead of spending hours pouring over books or websites to find ways on how to write essays, it's best to save your time and find an online source that will let you edit your own essays and do it all yourself.In order to make your process easy, you can search for such software by using various search engines such as Google, Yahoo, or MSN. Once you've done this, you'll be presented with plenty of results that you can go through. You'll also be provided with detailed descriptions of how to use the software, including how long it takes to receive your assignments, which kinds of problems it solves, how much it costs, and which providers it uses.It's best to choose one that you think is worth your time and money, and does exactly what you need it to do, when it comes to editing and selling your writing. It should also provide you with step-by-step instructions that make the process easy. It should also allow you to create and edit multiple essays simultaneously, allowing you to get your work done fast and easy.Essays are the hardest thing to find a CD for. In fact, most of the sites that are selling them today are selling much more than what you really need, and in the end, it's the worst option. You can easily find a quality tool by searching online.

Diabetes Is A Chronic Issue - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 1 Words: 436 Downloads: 3 Date added: 2019/05/02 Category Health Essay Level High school Tags: Diabetes Essay Did you like this example? Diabetes is a chronic issue and stressor is one of the components that an individual has to continually adjust. The nurse should acknowledge the stressor because after discharge patients feel alone and they should have proper resources (Husband, 1988). It is also stated that diagnosis of strengths of the patients is equally important as finding the problem/barriers. Strengths are available resources to the patients that are important in overcoming future problems. After reviewing the studies done by various authors it is certain that patients compliance with the self-care regimen can be increased through mutual goal setting and joint planning between the patient and nurse. Self-care is a human behavior and it is one of the vital components of diabetes care. Self-care is self-directed. A research by Surucu, Kizilci, and Ergor (2017) shows that Orems self-care deficit nursing theory (SCDNT) based on nursing education has significantly lower HbA1c scores among the participants with type II diabetes. Thus, SCDNT was a good guide in planning the study and for the self-management education. Another study by Wagnild, Rodriguez, and Pritchett (1987) shows that this self-care theory can also be implemented in acute care and hospital settings. Our med-surg unit will be highly benefitted with this theory. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Diabetes Is A Chronic Issue" essay for you Create order Uncontrolled levels of blood glucose are the basic problem in patients who admit to our unit. Many related to lack of knowledge of diabetes management, self-care deficit of various causes, sedentary lifestyle, food choices and personal belief. This tells us that when we look into a patient in the hospital a nurse needs to take everything into consideration and make a care plan accordingly. Nurses need to be non-judgmental and see what factors may limit patients abilities to follow lifestyle recommendations. According to Wagnild et al. (1987), Orems model may not be useful if a nurse is not able to adapt it to their settings. Borji et al. (2017) emphasize that Orems self-care model provides a good clinical guide for the nurses as a facilitator and change agent on planning and implementing self-care and providing educational support to the patient. Nurses responsibility is to assist patients in self-care through encouragement, looking into the whole person, patient teaching and prioritized early discharge planning. To achieve the goal of self-care, Orem identifies two-step nursing process such as,  first nurse need to identify the deficit, patients unmet self-care needs and then mutually plan on compensating the self-care deficits (Wagnild et al. 1987). According to Skinner, Cradock, Arundel, and  Graham (2003), an open, honest, and complete picture of the disease process should be given to the patients. Along the way, patients should be supported in processing, developing and managing their own diabetes.

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A Compare and Contrast of the New Product Development Model

Introduction New product developments are one of the main sources of competitive advantage for companies today. Companies need new product to keep up with its’ competitors. New product development can be considered as activities that aim to bring new products to market. The objective of NPD is to minimize the risk of failure. As NPD absorbs both financial and human resources from a company, it is therefore necessary to develop and implement a methodology for assisting in the introduction of new products. NPD models can help to identify problems at an early stage and assist in directing the NPD effort in the right direction. It can be used as a roadmap and provides an indication of magnitude of the project required in order to develop†¦show more content†¦Stages are cross functional and each activity is undertaken in parallel to enhance speed to market. To manage risk, the parallel activities in a certain stage must be designed to gather vital information – technical, market, financial, operations – in order to drive down the technical and business risk. Each successive stage is also more costly than previous stage. The idea is to allow an increase in spending on the development of projects as the uncertainty goes down. Preceding each stage is a decision point or gate which serves as a go/kill and prioritization decision point. The advantages of the stage-gate are following: - Well organized innovation can be a source of competitive advantage. - Accelerated product development. Necessary because of shortening product life cycles. - Increased success chance of new products. Prevents poor projects early and helps to redirect them - Integrated market orientation. Multiple convergent model The multiple convergent model (Baker and Hart, 1994) follows parallel processing – like the stage-gate model - which allows iterations among participants within stages. However, there are two problems with parallel processing. First, it ignores the important inputs to NPD that are provided by customers and suppliers. Second, if functions are to work in parallel then when do the processes take decisions and move on to the next stage? The multiple convergent model overcomes the issue byShow MoreRelatedNew Product Development Model Compare and Contrast939 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction New product developments are one of the main sources of competitive advantage for companies today. Companies need new product to keep up with its’ competitors. New product development can be considered as activities that aim to bring new products to market. The objective of NPD is to minimize the risk of failure. As NPD absorbs both financial and human resources from a company, it is therefore necessary to develop and implement a methodology for assisting in the introduction of new productsRead MoreReasearch On The Capabilities Maturity Model831 Words   |  4 PagesCapability Maturity Model (CMM) Tian Mei A20359022 Department of Computer Science, Illinois Institute of Technology Stuart Building, 10 West 31st Street, Chicago, IL 60616 USA tmei1@hawk.iit.edu Abstract—Capability Maturity Model(CMM) is an important model for software industry to evaluate the capability maturity of a software organization. It means through the CMM model, ability or productivity of software organization is measurable and we can choose better software development organizationRead MoreAbstract Capabilities Maturity Model And Development Of Modern Software Industry1542 Words   |  7 PagesAbstract—Capability Maturity Model(CMM) is an important model for software industry to evaluate the capability maturity of a software organization. It means through the CMM model, ability or productivity of software organization is measurable and we can choose better software development organization for our software projects How does this model be built, and how could we use this model to evaluate a software organization? In this research paper, I will present the history of Capability Maturity Model first and thenRead MoreBus 515 Discussion Questions Solved Week 1-10 – a Graded Essay1497 Words   |  6 PagesWeek 1-10 – A Graded Click on the BLUE link (hwmojo.com) below to purchase Solutions http://www.hwmojo.com/products/bus515-discussions We have all assignments and exams for BUS 515 and other classes. 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These two companies were the first to make the leap from film to digital, and their initial impressions in the market make themRead More663352 inst Essay1515 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿#663352 Topic: How Big Global Businesses Compare Writer Deadline:  6pm Number of sources: 4     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Writing Style: APA   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Type of document: Essay   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Academic Level:Undergraduate Number of Pages: 4 (Double Spaced)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Category: Business   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Language Style: English (U.S.)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Order Instructions: Assignment 1: How Big Global Businesses Compare  Ã‚   Due Week 4 and worth 200 points      Select one (1) global industry, such as the automobile or cell phone industry. Next, use the InternetRead MorePromotional and Pricing Strategies1721 Words   |  7 Pagesdoing so compare and contrast the two promotions strategies explaining why you think they would be similar or different. (50%) Fitness/ Exercise Products and Vacations to Black Women Aged 18-30 Pricing Methods 2. Explain what you think would be the most appropriate pricing method and why. In doing so compare and contrast the two pricing methods explaining why you think they would be similar or different. (50%) Fitness Products to Gay Men or Women and Non-lethal Personal Security Products to HandgunRead MoreCreativity and Read Ch.1447 Words   |  6 PagesWeek One: Introduction to Innovation, Design, and Creativity Details Due Points Objectives 1.1 Compare and contrast innovation, design, and creativity. 1.2 Analyze the benefits of innovation, design, and creative thinking in meeting organizational objectives. 1.3 Identify the internal and external drivers of innovation. Reading Read Ch. 1 of Managing Innovation, Design and Creativity. Reading Read Ch. 20 of Managing Innovation, Design and Creativity. Reading Read Ch. 30 of ManagingRead MoreMsys 111 Test revision 1615 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿Msys 111 revision Compare and contast RFID tags and bar codes RFID Radio frequency id technology Can read rdif tags from a greater distance Don’t need to be put in a line of sight with the scanner Can be read at faster rate than bar codes Contain high levels of security Barcodes Traditional visual representation of data. Much smaller and lighter than RFID tags therefore easier to use Less expensive Work with the same accuracy Universal technology Key difference is bar codes are the traditionalRead MorePhases, Steps, Techniques, And Deliverables1189 Words   |  5 Pages1) Compare and contrast phases, steps, techniques, and deliverables. PHASES: It is a process of a development or a part of the change in the particular cycle. STEPS: It is a part of particular phase which helps to accomplish the particular task. TECHNIQUES: A way of executing or performing a particular task in a cycle. 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Poverty And Its Effects On America Essay Example For Students

Poverty And Its Effects On America Essay I remember the days spent living in hardship, similar to countless others just trying to churn out a living from week to week. Hoping nothing unexpected would come up, since I didn’t have any wiggle room for additional expenses. Somehow, I always made it by with what little I had, making the best out of a tough situation. I was always thankful for the fact that I lived in a country where I was able to at least manage to obtain to the basic necessities to survive. Although numerous people struggle with money as I once did, and lack the possessions that most would call standard, true poverty in America has virtually been eliminated. Poverty in America is too drastic and puts a toll onto the economy in multiple ways. Poverty is a epidemic that separates classes and destroys families all over the U.S. It creates bad visions upon others that looks at the poor on street corners and assume the worst of how that person became to sit or live in that cardboard box or street corner and what types of drugshe ran through to be put in that situation. Although not most people create titles upon the weak,but a great number of everyday Americans despise the lower class which then fore creates a division among classes, big part of the reason is poverty. Not only is it dividing classes, it is also creating a deficiency in the economy. By the huge number droppings in available jobs yearly, the number of everyday Americans in poverty are adding up. The top hobby that homeless citizens participate in, once homeless, are find a quick drug distributor or go on a crime spree for simple cash (www.gao.com). Poverty affects the economy drastically in. . economy shifts environmentally, how the money spreads across from place to place and the way it rotates from bank to bank, slows down a lot each year. Poverty also affects crime. Impoverished adults usually savage for food goods and casual clothing to satisfy them for another period of their life. Impoverished kids, usually teens, go after money and jewelry, things that please them or that they can sell to get quick money to solve their hunger and or thirst. There are also many causes of poverty in America also. Issues like not being able to pay for rent or mortgage, being fired or laid off from work and struggling to find a new, decent paying job that can support you and your family also pay for the necessities that s needed to keep you and your family healthy. Poverty is a huge social problem in America that should be stopped as soon as possible!

Evaluation and Critical Analysis of Sexual Selection by Charles Darwin

The essay Sexual Selection written by Charles Darwin is aimed at explaining the process sexual selection in various species and its relation to evolutionary forces. The author argues that certain physiological traits and behavior patterns of animals can be attributed to their â€Å"sexual struggle† and attempts to attract a partner (Darwin, 94).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Evaluation and Critical Analysis of Sexual Selection by Charles Darwin specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Darwin uses description mode in order to substantiate his arguments. Overall, this essay can be regarded as an example of interpretive writing because Darwin strives to show there is a certain trend that can explain various sex differences in species. This essay strives to attain a referential aim which is to explain a certain phenomenon. Charles Darwin advances a thesis according to which the development of species is significantl y shaped by their willingness to achieve reproductive success. The author believes that to a certain extent, the development of animals is shaped in two ways: through their struggles against same-sex rivals, mostly males, and through their attempts to â€Å"charm or excite† the member of the opposite sex (Darwin, 94). Darwin’s thesis represents a generalization of evidence that he managed to collect. The writer admits that there are certain exceptions that he cannot account for, for example, lack of sexual differences in lower organisms (Darwin, 94). Furthermore, one should say that Darwin chooses formal and more academic language in order to maintain the accuracy and clarity of discussion. This strategy is consistent with referential aim of this essay. Overall, his evidence and line of reasoning are quite interesting, but they still require further examination. The author presents his example mostly in the form of a description. For example, Darwin mentions pheasants that have long ornamental plumage of exquisite shading. Yet, their wings are entirely unsuitable for flight (Darwin, 95). Darwin conjectures that this physical trait can be explained by the attempts of these birds attract the attention of the opposite side to their plumage (Darwin, 95). In his opinion, in the course of evolution pheasants’ wings and plumage were used primarily for courtship, rather than flight. Similar, male’s attempts to overpower the rivals of the same sex resulted in their development of certain body parts.Advertising Looking for essay on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Overall, Darwin argues that such traits as strength of body, courage, various ornamental appendages, musical organs of birds can be the result of choices that both male and female animals made while selecting their partners (Darwin, 96). As it has been said before, his discussion of evidence is very thought-provokin g, but there are several limitations. For example, Darwin refers to pheasants in order to demonstrate that struggle for reproduction success shaped their physical traits. However, he does explain why a similar trait is not always observed in other birds. Besides, Darwin does not discuss the way in which other factors such as climate could have affected birds or animals. Hence, it is impossible to make a generalization only on the basis of evidence that Darwin provides. On the whole, Darwin’s discussion of sexual selection may throw light on many of those physical and behavioral traits that are displayed by various animals, including humans. Nonetheless, one has to take into account that these traits might have been shaped by not only by sex struggles. The examples that Darwin gives are very convincing, but they are not sufficient for inductive generalization. Works Cited Darwin, Charles. â€Å"Sexual Selection.† In The Bedford Introduction to Literature. Ed. Michael Me yer. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1986. 94-96. Print. This essay on Evaluation and Critical Analysis of Sexual Selection by Charles Darwin was written and submitted by user Hassan Mcmillan to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Free Essays on Durango Street

Is Dally’s Death a Suicide? The definition of suicide is self murder. Sometimes suicide can happen if you feel depressed or sad, or if a friend of family member had been killed. This kind of incident may make you feel like you could kill yourself. I had a friend die from suicide; it was a serious deal. There are ways to get help with these kinds of feelings: you can get help from a guidance counselor and you can also get medication from your doctor to help stabilize your emotions. In my friend’s case, he was getting some help but not always following his doctor’s directions. Some people kill themselves because they think being dead is better than the situation they’re in. Dally’s death is a suicide. There are a couple of reasons that give it away. Dally robbed a grocery store and then ran under a streetlight and said, â€Å"I have a heater,† (gun), but actually the gun was not loaded. The gun was used as a decoy. The police fell for it and started shooting at Dally and eventually killed him. Dally lost a friend named, Johnny, due to a serious injury caused from a fire. All the â€Å"Greasers† felt the loss. Dally led a very violent life. He had no parents and no guidance at all. He dropped out of high school. He and his friends caused trouble, smoke cigarettes, drank beer, fought, and went to parties for a good time. This is not what I call a normal life. Dally’s record caught up with him and he didn’t like it. He was always running from the police and looking for shelter. He probably got into more trouble in his 16 or 17 years of life than most people would in three lifetimes! This troubled lifestyle started when Dally was young. He was a very hard-nosed man and didn’t like taking advice from other people. Dally was a smart criminal. He knew when to do things at the just the right time. I feel that Dally finally realized that he was leading the wrong kind of lif... Free Essays on Durango Street Free Essays on Durango Street Is Dally’s Death a Suicide? The definition of suicide is self murder. Sometimes suicide can happen if you feel depressed or sad, or if a friend of family member had been killed. This kind of incident may make you feel like you could kill yourself. I had a friend die from suicide; it was a serious deal. There are ways to get help with these kinds of feelings: you can get help from a guidance counselor and you can also get medication from your doctor to help stabilize your emotions. In my friend’s case, he was getting some help but not always following his doctor’s directions. Some people kill themselves because they think being dead is better than the situation they’re in. Dally’s death is a suicide. There are a couple of reasons that give it away. Dally robbed a grocery store and then ran under a streetlight and said, â€Å"I have a heater,† (gun), but actually the gun was not loaded. The gun was used as a decoy. The police fell for it and started shooting at Dally and eventually killed him. Dally lost a friend named, Johnny, due to a serious injury caused from a fire. All the â€Å"Greasers† felt the loss. Dally led a very violent life. He had no parents and no guidance at all. He dropped out of high school. He and his friends caused trouble, smoke cigarettes, drank beer, fought, and went to parties for a good time. This is not what I call a normal life. Dally’s record caught up with him and he didn’t like it. He was always running from the police and looking for shelter. He probably got into more trouble in his 16 or 17 years of life than most people would in three lifetimes! This troubled lifestyle started when Dally was young. He was a very hard-nosed man and didn’t like taking advice from other people. Dally was a smart criminal. He knew when to do things at the just the right time. I feel that Dally finally realized that he was leading the wrong kind of lif...

Emoji in Communication Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Emoji in Communication - Essay Example This research will begin with the statement that the word emoji derives its meaning from two words; emotions and a Japanese word kanji which means Japanese character. Emoji is defined as an image or an expressive face or cartoon that is used to convey emotions in writing on cell phones, texts or online chats. Over the past few years, emoji have gained popularity like never before. This can directly be associated with the rapid advance and the takeover of the social media as primary means of communication. With platforms like Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram among others, emoji have become a more relevant means of communication to most people. There are individuals who find it more efficient to express their emotions with the help of emoji other than the use of words. However, this can be misinterpreted by other people to mean that an individual is poor in writing or has little interest in a given conversation. The popularity of emoji is no doubt at its pick but there is a question ab out its sustainability in communication. Emoji has a setback of misinterpretation. In as much as they are universal, they can easily be misinterpreted and eventually render ineffective communication. Nonetheless, Wroclawski sees a high potential for emoji to go above this setback and unify global communication. The reason for this is that Emoji does not require special skills to interpret. The use of emoji has turned to be a new language on its own. With over 470 million joy emoji being used on twitter today, this might be the birth of a new language on its own.

What if history Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

What if history - Essay Example Abraham Lincoln occupies the most elevated place in the pantheon of American presidents and consistent polls show him occupying the first place in the ranks of most popular Presidents in the USA. On the basis of his leadership qualities, accomplishments, dealing with crises, political skills, oratory, upright character, he towers above all others, by any measure that is applied. Lincoln had promised the southerners a magnanimous peace, marked by charity to one and all. But this Reconstruction plan was derailed by his assassination. If Lincoln had not been killed, just after being re-elected, he would have led the nation forward with his exemplary zeal. He was a man who stood on principles and was not guided by public opinion. After his death, the leaders of the North became vindictive towards the fallen south. They imposed laws which crippled the Southern States, economy, polity as well as society. The Black Codes Bill of 1866-1867 was also passed, which forbade slaves from owning land or leaving their present employment. His successor Johnson vetoed the Freedmens Bureau as well as the Civil Rights Act of 1866 which gave blacks the right to vote. Most historians agree that such punishment as was meted out to the Southerners would not have seen the light of day under the stewardship of Lincoln Jan 1st 1863, that freed slaves in the Confederate states. But to the misfortune of the slaves, the man who would lead them to complete freedom was gunned down. It is a most compelling motion, that had Lincoln been alive, after the surrender of General Lee, the integration of African-American, or the slaves, into the mainstream would have been quicker and absolute. The Affirmative Action policy of the 20th century would not have been required, because Lincoln was emphatic that all human beings should be treated as equals. Lincoln has been hailed as the

Feminine Transformation In Gilman’s “The Yellow Wallpaper” Essay Example for Free

Feminine Transformation In Gilman’s â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† Essay Fiction is often used as a vehicle to convey radical ideas to readers. These ideas are usually reflected in the themes of the stories so that the clarity of expression is more apparent. The theme of Charlotte Perkins Gilman’s â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† is quite unique in that it expresses feministic ideas in a seemingly ordinary situation. â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† is a story that reveals various truths about the woman and chronicles the feministic transformation of this woman towards modern womanhood. Gilman employs the first person perspective in her story to allow her unnamed protagonist to reveal elements of her emotions that would otherwise be concealed from the audience. The protagonist, along with her physician husband and a certain Jenny move into a huge house for the purpose of her recovery from an illness; in the house the husband assigns a room for the both of them which is a large room with distinctive yellow wallpaper all over the walls. The protagonist is then disturbed by the wallpaper and begins to derive images from it which in turn is used as a metaphor for her feministic transformation. The earlier part of the tale reveals much about how the traditional woman actually is. The very first aspect of the traditional woman that one would easily notice from the text is a submissive personality. The lines, â€Å"But John says if I feel so, I shall neglect proper self-control; so I take pains to control myself before him, at least, and that makes me very tired. † (Gilman) illustrate how the protagonist neglects her own feelings before her husband and this implies that if she prioritizes what her husband felt over what she felt, she was quite likely to do the same with other more menial things making her exceptionally submissive. Another aspect of the woman revealed in earlier parts of the tale is the feminine view on marriage. In the lines, â€Å"John laughs at me, of course, but one expects that in marriage. † (Gilman) the protagonist describes how her husband reacts to her when she complains about something weird in the house they were moving into. When the husband laughs, the protagonist concludes that this is normal when two people are married. In effect, the protagonist views marriage as an excuse for ridicule and the fact that she is married to someone requires that she accept that ridicule as part of being married. This is a strange perception on the part of the protagonist but because of the submissive attitude of this main character it is not surprising that she should think this way. Other than this, her submission even affects her desire to write as she conceals her writing, hence, the protagonist admits, â€Å"I did write for a while in spite of them; but it does exhaust me a good deal† (Gilman) because she had to write despite contradictions from her husband as this made her feel better. The decision of the protagonist to write expresses the protagonist’s, â€Å"struggle to throw off the constraints of patriarchal society in order to be able to write. † (Thomas) So, in these first few parts, the author describes the current state of the protagonist, where â€Å"Women were cast as emotional servants whose lives were dedicated to the welfare of home and family in the perservence of social stability†. (Thomas) In a way, the author even discreetly refers to the sexual inadequacies of the relationship by referring to a â€Å"nailed-down bed† in the lines, â€Å"I lie here on this great immovable bed it is nailed down, I believe†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Gilman) Eventually, as the protagonist focuses her attention on the yellow wallpaper and the fact that her husband insists that they do not change it despite pleas from the protagonist, she begins to see the wallpaper as something else reflecting the bondage that she experienced from being isolated and treated inappropriately by her husband. This is quite clear in the lines, â€Å"Behind that outside pattern†¦a woman stooping down and creeping about behind that pattern. † (Gilman) Here, the protagonist initially describes a woman apparently caged behind the wallpaper patterns. While this could be images within the protagonist’s mind, it definitely reflects how she feels being in the room and in her situation. This image of bondage is further amplified by the lines, â€Å"At night in any kind of light†¦worst of all by moonlight, it becomes bars! The outside pattern I mean, and the woman behind it is as plain as can be. † (Gilman) It is at this point that the protagonist expresses an intrinsic feeling of bondage because she is not able to express it outwardly, and so, projects the feeling unto the wallpaper. This particular incident, â€Å"is a reaction to the lack of free agency that women had in the late 1800’s . (Gilbert) Soon, days before the last day the couple was to spend in the mansion, the protagonist breaks free and becomes a new, more liberal woman. This is implied in the lines, â€Å"I pulled and she shook, I shook and she pulled, and before morning we had peeled off yards of that paper;† (Gilman) which the protagonist used to describe her peeling off the paper. During the motions she admits to helping the woman behind the patterns but indirectly, this implies that the woman she was helping was herself. The act, therefore, of tearing the wallpaper was parallel to freeing the woman behind the patterns, and so, freeing herself from her personal bondage. (Garcia) The protagonist, hence, went from being a traditional woman to a liberated woman in her feminist transformation, even when the conclusions of the story seemed to imply that the protagonist had lost her mind because of the isolation, hence, the lines, â€Å"Ive got out at last, said I, in spite of you and Jane. And Ive pulled off most of the paper, so you cant put me back! (Gilman) where she had finally fused her own persona with the persona of the woman behind the patterns. Quite obviously, the textual evidence in this tale consistently describe the struggles of a woman from being the kind enslaved by a patriarchal society to someone who was able to express her own individuality, albeit, unconventionally. The story very clearly describes how one woman transformed gradually from being traditional to being the new or modern woman. ? Works Cited Garcia, Viola. Charlotte Perkins Gilmans The Yellow Wallpaper. fgcu. edu. N. p. , 2009. Web. 1 Aug. 2010. http://itech. fgcu. edu/faculty/wohlpart/alra/gilman. htm. Gilbert, Kelly. The Yellow Wallpaper: An Autobiography of Emotions by Charlotte Perkins Gilman . fgcu. edu. N. p. , 2009. Web. 1 Aug. 2010. http://itech. fgcu. edu/faculty/wohlpart/alra/gilman. htm. Gilman, Charlotte Perkins. The Yellow Wallpaper. EastoftheWeb. com. N. p. , 2006. Web. 1 Aug. 2010. http://www. eastoftheweb. com/short-stories/UBooks/YelWal. shtml. Thomas, Deborah. The Changing Role of Womanhood: From True Woman to New Woman in Charlotte Perkins Gilman’s â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper†. fgcu. edu. N. p. , 2009. Web. 1 Aug. 2010. http://itech. fgcu. edu/faculty/wohlpart/alra/gilman. htm.

A Guard on Religious Freedom Essay examples -- essays research papers

Persuasive Essay #1   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A Guard on Religious Freedom In the eyes of our founding fathers, few things seemed as important as the separation of church and state. The first amendment grants all Americans the freedom to subscribe to any religion they wish and promises that the government will not promote any religion above any other. Although the separation of church and state and the freedom of religion are firmly and concretely secured in the Constitution of the United States, events in the recent past bring to question whether this ideal is under threat of losing its place as an American standard. A recent controversy that brings to light the threat of the separation of church and state is the debate over the words â€Å"one nation under God† in the pledge of allegiance. A review of current event programs when the offense first unfolded showed few other stories as important as an attack on our separation of church and state. Although maintaining a critical eye on our rights and assuring that no true threats develop on one of the cornerstones of the country, it is important to also keep in perspective whether a true infraction has taken place. On several American artifacts you can find a reference to God. However, taking offense to these references is counterproductive and overly sensitive. First, the God mentioned on these American artifacts is a generic God and only means that the collective A...

Pro Clean

Company overview/ Statement of Problem Pro Clean LLC is an old-timer carpet cleaning business. It was owned and managed by Kevin Wilson and located in Knoxville, Tennessee. Wilson had to manage almost all functions of Pro Clean daily activities. In this industry, the problems Pro Clean faced are how to stay competitive and still make above average returns with one of his main competitor the King Rug. King Rug has a resolute business structure and is able to charge its customers with high prices which make King Rug much more profitable than Pro Clean. Another problem that Pro Clean has to face is the rapid expansion process.At the onset of the expansion, the business had started to churn cash as a result of the increased payroll expenses and the lease payments for the company’s vehicles. Wilson’s return on investment was dismal. Cash flow quickly became a problem and Wilson resorted to using his business and personal credit cards to finance his business. Environmental Sc anning/ Stakeholder Analysis Demographics of Pro Clean are composed mostly of customers from Knoxville, TN. Being located in the Suburban district and close to Condominiums near the City Center; most of its customers come from single-income families, above $250,000 annually.Most of these homes had pets/ young children. 20% of the business made up of the regular customers. Economically, Pro Clean is doing fine with its source of Revenue made up of cleaning carpet (77%), upholstery cleaning (9%), area rug cleaning (5%), tile and grout cleaning (5%), carpet and fabric protection (3%), and drapery cleaning for (1%). The culture of the customers of Pro Clean is those of frequent use. Average Pro Clean customers had their carpets cleaned every 12 months.Technologically, Pro Clean had improved from stuffing envelopes with direct mail material, answering phone calls and giving estimates to setting up a webpage so customers can easily and instantly know about the company’s profile and service. Pro Clean is just a local business thus it is not thinking about expanding to another country, however, it sought to expand locally with much difficulty Industry Analysis Pro Clean’s NAICS code is 339994. According to the United Census Bureau, a 339994 is a â€Å"Broom, Brush and Mop Manufacturing† Pro Clean conducts a pure competition in where there are many other competitors selling similar ervice in the industry. Its main competitors are D-Clean, King Rug, Green Clean, Right Clean and Kleen Clean. The industry is a growing market. The market grew approximately 5 percent per year, which was what Wilson’s business averaged as well. Currently, Pro Clean had built up a respectable 5 percent market share in Knoxville Now for Porter’s five forces model of Pro Clean, they are very weak to withstand the threat of new entrants because a number of national janitorial cleaning and carpet cleaning chains were advertising aggressively to establish new fra nchises in the city.The bargaining power of supplier of Pro Clean is rather weak. For a cleaning company, Pro Clean can pretty much buy their source of cleaning products pretty much from different suppliers and switch products without hurting the company’s balance sheet. The bargaining power of buyers of Pro Clean is rather weak also, because the customer can switch to another cleaner company in town where it might have a service which Pro Clean doesn’t have. In addition, there are approximately 60 cleaners in town competing in the same industry as Pro Clean. Substitute products are a huge disadvantage for Pro Clean.Some new customers who are not used to carpet cleaners preferred to buy the cleaning products and do the cleaning by them. The commercial cleaning market was serviced by janitorial service providers that offered a one-stop service to commercial businesses which Pro Clean does not offer. The intensity among the companies is cut throat. The market is very com petitive because the firms have similar service and almost equal status among buyers. The other companies are killing each other to differentiate themselves from their competitors by conducting additional source of revenue.For example, King Rug derives a substantive portion of its revenue from rug cleaning at its place of business and did well with cross selling and up-selling. Pro Clean however, did not successfully up-sell Company Analysis Pro Clean vision is to be the number one carpet and rug cleaners and â€Å"ready to take on even the best in Knoxville† Pro Clean’s mission to accomplish this vision is to â€Å"stay in touch with all its customers by sending out quarterly newsletters. † The current goal of Pro Clean is to organize their organizational structure where it had inaccurately expand too fast and thus hurting company’s current cash flow.To achieve this goal, Wilson had to lay off one of his cleaning technicians. He temporarily transformed t he cleaning technician position to that of sales and office administration. Wilson had to spend his personal time trying to develop the business as well as dealing with administrative and clerical tasks. SWOT ANALYSIS Strength: 1. Pro Clean has 5% overall market share of Knoxville carpet cleaning market 2. Its market shares grows at 5% annually 3. Their business venue is located in the city northeast residential district (most of its customers are residential people) 4.It has loyal customers which generates 60% of its income Weakness: 1. It has a poor organizational structures 2. Lower price charged to its customers making it to have difficulty covering overhead costs 3. It expanded too quickly, making a small return on investment. Opportunities: 1. Pro Clean might be able to target not only residential areas but also commercial as its main competitors do not target commercial areas 2. Pro Clean continue charging a lower price than its main competitor in the rug cleaning business Th reats: . Pro Clean competes in a highly competitive market 2. Other companies might crush Pro Clean by offering a cheaper service fee 3. Any frequent-customers who suddenly become unsatisfied might turn its revenue down. Pro Clean’s philosophy is that â€Å"each and every client is the most important facet of our company†. Pro Clean’s core competency is its ability to make on-site estimate visits, while other competitors gave approximate estimates over the phone and followed up with a detailed price once they were on site to clean.Porter’s value chain of Pro Clean is important to the health of the company. Their network (existing customers, technology and follow ups) are the most crucial in the relation of its income statement. They must keep on doing whatever they do best not to lose any existing customers otherwise the company’s operating income will suffer. STRATEGIC ANALYSIS The corporate strategy of Pro Clean is at a low level because it does not conduct any other form of business other than cleaning services.It has a cost-leadership business strategy as compared to its main competitors; it charged the least fee for cleaning services. Pro Clean ability to keep its existing customers is certainly a positive effect on the company’s image and it also can give a positive â€Å"free advertisement† to these customers’ relatives. The culture of Pro Clean is that the human resource works as a close knit team. While Wilson is out, his employees will routinely visit real estate agents and other referral sources for half of the day while others spent the remainder of the day in the office. ALTERNATIVE/SOLUTIONThe two main problems mention above is the significantly low pricing which makes it unable to cover its overhead costs while its main competitor can; and the other problem is the wrong decision of the expansion which was rather too soon for the company to handle. The main opportunity which Pro Clean might be able to consider is that it should aim for not only residential area carpet cleaning but also commercial area as it will hugely increase the number in their sales. Also, I believe that the expansion has already happened but it produces a little, if any, a positive return on investment.The way I would take advantage of this is to either sell the extra capacity/ plant or to maximize its ability to produce different product/services which might be able to generate more revenue for Pro Clean. For example, not only they do the cleaning business, but they also manufacture their own brand of Pro Clean cleaning products. I believe that Pro Clean can survive if these problems were to be exploited. With additional capital and better company strategies implications, Pro Clean will be able to dominate the cleaning industry locally. End Note Page

How to Write a Science Fair Project Report

Writing a science fair project report may seem like a challenging task, but it is not as difficult as it first appears. This is a format that you may use to write a science project report. If your project included animals, humans, hazardous materials, or regulated substances, you can attach an appendix that describes any special activities your project required. Also, some reports may benefit from additional sections, such as abstracts and bibliographies. You may find it helpful to fill out the science fair lab report template to prepare your report. Important: Some science fairs have guidelines put forth by the science fair committee or an instructor. If your science fair has these guidelines, be sure to follow them. Title:  For a science fair, you probably want a catchy, clever title. Otherwise, try to make it an accurate description of the project. For example, I could entitle a project, Determining Minimum NaCl Concentration That Can Be Tasted in Water.  Avoid unnecessary words, while covering the essential purpose of the project. Whatever title you come up with, get it critiqued by friends, family, or teachers.Introduction and Purpose:  Sometimes this section is called background. Whatever its name, this section introduces the topic of the project, notes any information already available, explains why you are interested in the project, and states the purpose of the project. If you are going to state references in your report, this is where most of the citations are likely to be, with the actual references listed at the end of the entire report in the form of a bibliography or reference section.The Hypothesis or Question:  Explicitly state your hypothesis or question.Materials and Meth ods:  List the materials you used in your project and describe the procedure that you used to perform the project. If you have a photo or diagram of your project, this is a good place to include it.Data and Results:  Data and results are not the same things. Some reports will require that they be in separate sections, so make sure you understand the difference between the concepts. Data refers to the actual numbers or other information you obtained in your project. Data can be presented in tables or charts, if appropriate. The results section is where the data is manipulated or the hypothesis is tested. Sometimes this analysis will yield tables, graphs, or charts, too. For example, a table listing the minimum concentration of salt that I can taste in water, with each line in the table being a separate test or trial, would be data. If I average the data or perform a statistical test of a null hypothesis, the information would be the results of the project.Conclusion:  The concl usion focuses on the hypothesis or  question as it compares to the data and results. What was the answer to the question? Was the hypothesis supported (keep in mind a hypothesis cannot be proved, only disproved)? What did you find out from the experiment? Answer these questions first. Then, depending on your answers, you may wish to explain the ways in which the project might be improved or introduce new questions that have come up as a result of the project. This section is judged not only by what you were able to conclude  but also by your recognition of areas where you could not draw valid conclusions based on your data. Appearances Matter Neatness counts, spelling counts, grammar counts. Take the time to make the report look nice. Pay attention to margins, avoid fonts that are difficult to read or are too small or too large, use clean paper, and make print the report cleanly on as good a printer or copier as you can.

Cats and Humans 12,000-Year-Old Commensal Relationship

The modern cat (Felis silvestris catus) is descended from one or more of four or five separate wild cats: the Sardinian wildcat (Felis silvestris lybica), the European wildcat (F. s. silvestris), the Central Asian wildcat (F.s. ornata), the sub-Saharan African wildcat (F.s. cafra), and (perhaps) the Chinese desert cat (F.s. bieti). Each of these species is a distinctive subspecies of F. silvestris, but F.s. lybica was ultimately domesticated and is an ancestor of all modern domesticated cats. Genetic analysis suggests that all domestic cats derive from at least five founder cats from the Fertile Crescent region, from where they (or rather their descendants) were transported around the world. Researchers analyzing cat mitochondrial DNA  have identified evidence that F.s. lybica was distributed across Anatolia from the early Holocene (ca. 11,600 years ago) at the latest. The cats found their way into southeastern Europe before the onset of farming in the Neolithic. They suggest that cat domestication was a complex long-term process, because people took cats with them on overland and ship-board trade facilitating admixture events between geographically separated F.s. lybica and other wild subspecies like F.S. ornata at different times. How Do You Make a Domestic Cat? There are two difficulties inherent in determining when and how cats were domesticated: one is that domesticated cats can and do interbreed with their feral cousins; the other is that the primary indicator of cat domestication is their sociability or docility, traits not easily identified in the archaeological record. Instead, archaeologists rely on the size of animal bones found in archaeological sites (domesticated cats are smaller than feral cats), by their presence outside of their normal range, if they are given burials or have collars or the like, and if there is evidence that they have established a commensal relationship with the humans. Commensal Relationships Commensal behavior is the scientific name for hanging around with humans: the word commensal comes from Latin com meaning sharing and mensa meaning table. As applied to different animal species, true commensals live entirely in houses with us, occasional commensals move between houses and outdoor habitats, and obligate commensals are those that can only survive in an area because of their ability to occupy houses. Not all commensal relationships are friendly ones: some consume crops, steal food, or harbor disease. Further, commensal does not necessarily mean invited in: microscopic pathogens and bacteria, insects, and rats have commensal relationships with humans. Black rats in northern Europe are obligate commensals, which is one of the reasons the medieval bubonic plague was so effective at killing people. Cat History and Archaeology The oldest archaeological evidence for cats living with humans is from the Mediterranean island of Cyprus, where several animal species including cats were introduced by 7500 B.C. The earliest known purposeful cat burial is at the Neolithic site of Shillourokambos. This burial was of a cat buried next to a human between 9500-9200 years ago. The archaeological deposits of Shillourokambos also included the sculpted head of what looks like a combined human-cat being. There are a few ceramic figurines found in the 6th millennium B.C. site of Haà §ilar, Turkey, in the shape of women carrying cats or catlike figures in their arms, but there is some debate about the identification of these creatures as cats. The first unquestioned evidence of cats smaller in size than the wildcat is from Tell Sheikh Hassan al Rai, an Uruk period (5500-5000 calendar years ago [cal BP]) Mesopotamian site in Lebanon. Cats in Egypt Up until very recently, most sources believed that domesticated cats became widespread only after the Egyptian civilization took its part in the domestication process. Several strands of data indicate that cats were present in Egypt as early as the predynastic period, nearly 6,000 years ago. A cat skeleton discovered in a predynastic tomb (ca. 3700 BC) at Hierakonpolis may be evidence for commensalism. The cat, apparently a young male, had a broken left humerus and right femur, both of which had healed prior to the cats death and burial. Reanalysis of this cat has identified the species as the jungle or reed cat (Felis chaus), rather than F. silvestris, but the commensal nature of the relation is unquestioned. Continued excavations at the same cemetery at Hierakonpolis (Van Neer and colleagues) have found a simultaneous burial of six cats, an adult male and female and four kittens belonging to two different litters. The adults are F. silvestris  and fall within or near the size ranges for domesticated cats. They were buried during the Naqada IC-IIB period (ca. 5800–5600 cal BP). The first illustration of a cat with a collar appears on an Egyptian tomb in Saqqara, dated to the 5th dynasty Old Kingdom, ca 2500-2350 BC. By the 12th dynasty (Middle Kingdom, ca 1976-1793 BC), cats are definitely domesticated, and the animals are frequently illustrated in Egyptian art paintings and as mummies. Cats are the most frequently mummified animal in Egypt.   The feline goddesses Mafdet, Mehit, and Bastet all appear in the Egyptian pantheon by the Early Dynastic period—although Bastet is not associated with domesticated cats until later. Cats in China In 2014, Hu and colleagues reported evidence for early cat-human interactions during the Middle-Late Yangshao (early Neolithic, 7,000-5,000 cal BP) period at the site of Quanhucun, in Shaanxi province, China. Eight F. silvestris cat bones were recovered from three ashy pits containing animal bones, pottery sherds, bone and stone tools. Two of the cat jaw bones were radiocarbon dated between 5560-5280 cal BP. The size range of these cats falls within that of modern domesticated cats. The archaeological site of Wuzhuangguoliang contained a nearly complete felid skeleton laid on its left side and dated to 5267-4871 cal BP; and a third site, Xiawanggang, contained cat bones as well. All of these cats were from Shaanxi province, and all were originally identified as F. silvestris. The presence of F. silvestris in Neolithic China supports the growing evidence of complex trade and exchange routes connecting western Asia to northern China perhaps as long ago as 5,000 years. However, Vigne et al. (2016) examined the evidence and believe that all the Chinese Neolithic period cats are not F. silvestris but rather leopard cat (Prionailurus bengalensis). Vigne et al. suggest that the leopard cat became a commensal species beginning in the mid-sixth millennium BP, evidence of a separate cat domestication event. Breeds and Varieties and Tabbies Today there are between 40 and 50 recognized cat breeds, which humans created by artificial selection for aesthetic traits they preferred, such as body and facial forms, beginning about 150 years ago. The traits selected by cat breeders include coat color, behavior, and morphology—and many of those traits are shared across breeds, meaning they were descended from the same cats. Some of the traits are also associated with deleterious genetic traits such as osteochondrodysplasia affecting the development of cartilage in Scottish Fold cats and taillessness in Manx cats. The Persian or Longhair cat has an extremely short muzzle with large round eyes and small ears, a long, dense coat, and a round body. Bertolini and colleagues recently found that candidate genes for the facial morphology may be associated with behavioral disorders, susceptibility to infections, and breathing issues. Wildcats exhibit a striped coat coloration pattern referred to as mackerel, which in many cats appears to have been modified to the blotched pattern known as tabby. Tabby colorations are common in many different modern domestic breeds. Ottoni and colleagues note that striped cats are commonly illustrated from the Egyptian New Kingdom through the Middle Ages. By the 18th century AD, the blotched tabby markings were common enough for Linnaeus to include them with his descriptions of the domestic cat. Scottish Wildcat The Scottish wildcat is a large tabby cat with a bushy black ringed tail that is native to Scotland. There are only about 400 left and are thus among the most endangered species in the United Kingdom. As with other endangered species, threats to the wildcats survival include habitat fragmentation and loss, illegal killing, and the presence of feral domestic cats in wild Scottish landscapes. This last leads to interbreeding and natural selection resulting in the loss of some of the characteristics which define the species. Species-based conservation of the Scottish wildcat has included removing them from the wild and placing them into zoos and wildlife sanctuaries for captive breeding, as well as the targeted destruction of feral domestic and hybrid cats in the wild. But that reduces the number of wild animals even further. Fredriksen )2016) has argued that the pursuit of native Scottish biodiversity by attempting to stamp out non-native feral cats and the hybrids reduces the benefits of natural selection. It may be that the best chance the Scottish wildcat has of surviving in the face of a changing environment is to breed with domestic cats who are better adapted to it. Sources Bar-Oz G, Weissbrod L, and Tsahar E. 2014. Cats in recent Chinese study on cat domestication are commensal, not domesticated. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 111(10):E876.Bertolini F, Gandolfi B, Kim ES, Haase B, Lyons LA, and Rothschild MF. 2016. Evidence of selection signatures that shape the Persian cat breed. Mammalian Genome 27(3):144-155.Dodson J, and Dong G. 2016. What do we know about domestication in eastern Asia? Quaternary International in press.Fredriksen A. 2016. Of wildcats and wild cats: Troubling species-based conservation in the Anthropocene. Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 34(4):689-705.Galvan M, and Vonk J. 2016. Man’s other best friend: domestic cats (F. silvestris catus) and their discrimination of human emotion cues. Animal Cognition 19(1):193-205. Hu Y, Hu S, Wang W, Wu X, Marshall FB, Chen X, Hou L, and Wang C. 2014. Earliest evidence for commensal processes of cat domestication. Proceedings of the National Academy of Scien ces 111(1):116-120.Hulme-Beaman A, Dobney K, Cucchi T, and Searle JB. 2016. An Ecological and Evolutionary Framework for Commensalism in Anthropogenic Environments. Trends in Ecology Evolution 31(8):633-645.Kurushima JD, Ikram S, Knudsen J, Bleiberg E, Grahn RA, and Lyons LA. 2012. Cats of the pharaohs: genetic comparison of Egyptian cat mummies to their feline contemporaries. Journal of Archaeological Science 39(10):3217-3223.Li G, Hillier LW, Grahn RA, Zimin AV, David VA, Menotti-Raymond M, Middleton R, Hannah S, Hendrickson S, Makunin A et al. 2016. A High-Resolution SNP Array-Based Linkage Map Anchors a New Domestic Cat Draft Genome Assembly and Provides Detailed Patterns of Recombination. G3: Genes Genomes Genetics 6(6):1607-1616.Mattucci F, Oliveira R, Lyons LA, Alves PC, and Randi E. 2016. European wildcat populations are subdivided into five main biogeographic groups: consequences of Pleistocene climate changes or recent anthropogenic fragmentation? Ecology and Evolution 6( 1):3-22.Montague MJ, Li G, Gandolfi B, Khan R, Aken BL, Searle SMJ, Minx P, Hillier LW, Koboldt DC, Davis BW et al. 2014. Comparative analysis of the domestic cat genome reveals genetic signatures underlying feline biology and domestication. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 111(48):17230-17235.Ottoni C, van Neer W, De Cupere B, Daligault J, Guimaraes S, Peters J, Spassov N, Pendergast ME, Boivin N, Morales-Muniz A et al. 2016. Of cats and men: the paleogenetic history of the dispersal of cats in the ancient world. bioRxiv 10.1101/080028. Owens JL, Olsen M, Fontaine A, Kloth C, Kershenbaum A, and Waller S. 2016. Visual classification of feral cat Felis silvestris catus vocalizations. Current Zoology. doi: 10.1093/cz/zox013Platz S, Hertwig ST, Jetschke G, Krà ¼ger M, and Fischer MS. 2011. Comparative morphometric study of the Slovakian wildcat population (Felis silvestris silvestris): Evidence for a low rate of introgression? Mammalian Biology - Zeitschrift fà ¼r Sà ¤ugetierkunde 76(2):222-233.Van Neer W, Linseele V, Friedman R, and De Cupere B. 2014. More evidence for cat taming at the Predynastic elite cemetery of Hierakonpolis (Upper Egypt). Journal of Archaeological Science 45:103-111.Vigne J-D, Evin A, Cucchi T, Dai L, Yu C, Hu S, Soulages N, Wang W, Sun Z, Gao J et al. 2016. Earliest â€Å"Domestic† Cats in China Identified as Leopard Cat ( PLoS ONE 11(1):e0147295.Prionailurus bengalensis).

A Jury Of Her Peers By Susan Glaspell - 1674 Words

Austin Jones English 230-1195 February 14, 2015 Short Fiction and Essay Writing: First Draft During the 19th many men exercised a sexist perspective towards women. During that time many women were not allowed to seek an education, career, any form of independence and were merely seen as caretakers. In â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† Charlotte Gilman Illustrates the controlling behavior that men had exercises on their wives, and the lack of freedom women had to make independent decisions. In â€Å"A Jury of Her Peers† Susan Glaspell illustrates how men exercised prejudice against women by focusing on the sexist perspective of two men during a lawful investigation which rendered them incapable of understanding what actually occurred. Analyzing the work†¦show more content†¦Some women did not even have a choice in marriage and had their marriages arranged by the father. At this point we can establish that during the 19th century that many women lacked control of their own lives and were expected to conform to what they were told without question. Charlotte G ilman wrote a short story by the name of â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† where she thoughtfully illustrates the inequality in of the marriage arrangement, and the controlling nature men had on their wives. Sadly, the reason why it is such a good illustration is because Gilman took the inspiration for this story from her own life. After the birth of her first child Gilman entered a state of postpartum depression and was treated rather poorly for it. Seeking treatment, she was referred to Dr. S. Weir Mitchell who at the time was a prominent specialist on nervous disorders. Dr. Mitchell thought that postpartum depression in women was caused by the absence of household chores and prescribed her a â€Å"rest cure.† This cure involved a constant state of inactivity. Gilman was essentially told she was from there on out, until cured, she was prohibited from undertaking anything whatsoever. However, the cure did not work and further complicated the symptoms of her depression that lead her to eventually leave her husband and child for the sake of her mental health. In â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† Gilman is able to clearly indicate the women is being

IFIP Networking Conference System †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the IFIP Networking Conference System. Answer: Introduction Information Security is very much important for securing any kind of data. Though there are various ways to secure the data but still there lies some loopholes which can lead to leaking of data. The following report discusses about how firewalls can help in securing the data. Advantages Uses the current network routers for the filtering of packets Due to this, security becomes more transparent for the end users. It is quite easy when it comes to installation As it generally works on the current network system therefore implementing the packet security filter on the system becomes less complicated than any other method. It is also quite fast than any other firewall technologies present as in this, very few evaluations are performed therefore it becomes quite easy to maintain and handle too. Disadvantages These do not generally understand the protocols for application layer. It does not offer any value added features like the URL filtering. These are not very secure while using on a large scale. As there is no user based Authentication, it cannot authenticate the information that are coming from various users. Suggestions The technology is acceptable when it is over a small network but when considering a large organization, it is not that safe to use as it cannot track the users from whom the information is coming so it is better not to use. Above all, it allows every data to pass through as it cannot discriminate among the different types of packets (Diekmann et al., 2016). It can be overcome by adding extra features like authentication based system where no one can enter the network without proper authentication. It helps in setting up a standardized environment that is helpful for transparency and securing of the firewalls. It also intercepts between the TCP and UDP connection and later transforms them into SOCKS format. Communication that is possible with SOCKS is restricted within SOCKS clients and its server ("RFC 1928 - SOCKS Protocol Version 5", 1996). Tunneling helps in defining security and also helps in proving authentication as well as confidentiality and integrity. It also helps in combining the possibilities in the circuit level. In order to work properly, the client needs to make modification to the SOCKS ("RFC 1928 - SOCKS Protocol Version 5", 1996). Conclusion From the above discussion, it can be concluded that data security is very much important and a good practice as it helps in securing the data from any kind of theft. There are a few advantages as well as disadvantages on using the firewall as it is mainly used for small networks and in order to use it for any large scale business, it needs to be incorporated with various other features so as to work with more ease. References Diekmann, C., Michaelis, J., Haslbeck, M., Carle, G. (2016, May). Verified iptables firewall analysis. InIFIP Networking Conference (IFIP Networking) and Workshops, 2016(pp. 252-260). IEEE. RFC 1928 - SOCKS Protocol Version 5. (1996). Tools.ietf.org. Retrieved 9 May 2017, from https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc1928

is a critique on the top catagory Stephanie Coontz “The Radical Idea of Marrying for Love” Essay Example

is a critique on the top catagory Stephanie Coontz: â€Å"The Radical Idea of Marrying for Love† Essay Date: June 19, 2011 Stephanie Coontz: â€Å"The Radical Idea of Marrying for Love† Introduction According to Coontz on the subject of â€Å"The Radical Idea of Marrying for Love†, she illustrates her ideas that marriage expectations are sometimes unrealistic to many people from different cultures. This idea of marrying for love is also emphasized more by George Bernard Shaw’s theory. According to Shaw, the main purpose of marriage is to bring two people together who are under the effects of passion and only death can separate them. Therefore, Coontz in her article tries to describe the various manners in which different cultures perceive the idea of love and marriage. In her opinion, most people from different cultures get married and fall in love as the days pass by, but they do not get married because they are in love. Love when marrying in some cultures is meaningless, although in other cultures, love is the major purpose why people get into marriage because they perceive it as a necessity according to Coontz. My general expression on this article is that it is informative and interesting since the information provided was of great use to me. Interestingly, I learned that love is not a necessity in different cultures, and some people just get married and then fall in love later. It is quite interesting to learn the main purposes why people get married in different cultures. The article was very informative to me. Love and marriage are considered to go together for an everlasting and strong relationship in different cultures, therefore it is necessary that people respect the way each culture takes on this issue of love and marriage. We will write a custom essay sample on is a critique on the top catagory Stephanie Coontz: â€Å"The Radical Idea of Marrying for Love† specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on is a critique on the top catagory Stephanie Coontz: â€Å"The Radical Idea of Marrying for Love† specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on is a critique on the top catagory Stephanie Coontz: â€Å"The Radical Idea of Marrying for Love† specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Summary The article demonstrates the idea of love and marriage in different cultures. Coontz explains in detail the history of marriage in different cultures worldwide. In addition, she illustrates how marriage has changed from being a necessity just for the community survival to being a basic fulfillment in people’s lives in terms of happiness and excitement. Historically, marriage was viewed as tool to survive things such as affectionate and passion had little or no place in most marriages. According to George Shaw’s theory, people should take marriage seriously by involving the idea of love so that they remain together until death separate them. In some cultures according to history, it was absurd for some to get married with the claim of being in love with the partner. However, that mentality changed in some cultures and currently, most people fall in love, get married and live together forever in love. It is still surprising that in some cultures, it was good for a person to get married then develop love later. In Marriage, in case love was accepted then it was only for a short time, such cultures did not encourage the idea that couples should expose their feeling to each other. Analysis of presentation Historically, it looked weird for a person to say that he or she is love. This is because it was seen as a big threat to the community. For instance, falling in love was seen as a social disruption behavior in ancient India. Love was perceived to be a destruction of the mind, which could only be treated through engaging in sexual intercourse. This could be either with the loving partner or just any person of opposite sex. According to Coontz, the fastest way to overcome temptation and desire is to engage in the act immediately, forget it and proceed with other useful issues. The husband could be forced to divorce his wife by his parents if the wife was not behaving as required by the family or if she failed to give birth to a specific child in terms of gender. This can be seen in some communities like China, too much love expressed between married couples was taken to be a threat to unity of the extended family. The husband could be encouraged to marry another wife or even get himself a concubine. Interestingly, if the husband was seen expressing too much to his wife in a romantic manner, the parents could send the wife away from their home. According to studies, love in the Chinese society meant a disapproved relationship. This led to researchers to find for an alternative term that they could replace with the word love, as they knew that such a radical new concept needed a special label. According to researchers, â€Å"marriage is not a real excuse for not loving† meaning that falling in love with a person outside marriage was permitted (Coontz 90). This was the way love was viewed in France during the 12th century. It was declared that if a man loved his wife so much, then he was considered a dull man and therefore no other person could wish to associate with him. People assumed that real love was only portrayed in books but it did not exist in the real world. Nevertheless, with time, the king fell in love although not with their legal partners. This was so because queens were supposed to keep secrets from their husbands, therefore this reveals that even the queens went out of their marriage to seek for love and affection from other men. Currently, there still some societies that do not take love to be the major purpose for their marriage. For instance in northern Cameroon, love is not considered as a legitimate feeling in marriages. â€Å"In many poor families and working-class societies, expression of too much love between married couples is perceived to be a disruptive act because it motivates the couple to isolate themselves for the huge web of dependence that builds the society† (Coontz 90). However, currently few societies have accepted the idea of love and have incorporated it successfully in their marriages and child upbringing. Countries like Western Europe and North America have established the entire process of new values on the manners in which they can plan and organize the issues of marriage, love and sexuality. These values have been proved to be useful thus are being spread all over the world. These values emphasizes that marriages are supposed to meet psychological and social needs more than ever before. There is supposed to be freedom in marriages, more understanding, love, less or no violence, and no gender discriminations as they used to be in the past. Response to the Presentation My general response on this article presentation is that it was an effective article because its ideas are informing and interesting thus of great use to me. Interestingly, I learned that love is not a necessity in marriage to different cultures, and some people just get married and then fall in love later. The author did her best in writing this article because it addressed important issues that are affecting many societies especially love and marriage. She emphasized the need to embrace love in marriages to avoid experiencing divorces and separation within families. The author succeeded in her presentation because her article was detailed well as required thus creates satisfaction to the reader. Conclusion The main purpose of marriage is for two people who are under the influence of passion to come together and share love until death separates them. Coontz in her article described the various ways in which different cultures view the idea of love and marriage. In her opinion, most people from different cultures get married and fall in love as the days pass by, but they do not get married because they are in love. The idea of love in many cultures does not exist; in fact, it is viewed as an abomination for someone to express too much love to his or her married partner. For instance, in Chinese society, any relationship based on love was considered a social threat to the extended family thus; it was not approved by the family. In France, any man seen to fall in love was isolated from others because he was viewed as not an active man in the society. Therefore, Coontz in her article has shown as the radical idea for marrying for love in many different cultures. Works Cited Coontz, Stephanie. Marriage, a history: from obedience to intimacy, or how love conquered marriage. New York, NY: Viking, 2005. Print.

The Pharos Lighthouse of Alexandria †An Archeological Perspective Essay Sample free essay sample

Ben was concentrating over the book. and he shortly started copying the image. â€Å"It lasted a thousand old ages and was 40 narratives tall. I bet if they sent frogmans down. they could still happen some balls of it. Why don’t they do that? † â€Å"I think they’ve tried. but the underside of the Mediterranean has been filled up with beds and beds of sand. silt. and what have you for all those old ages. † ( Page. 2003. p. 80 ) The Pharos at Alexandria was the tallest and most astonishing beacon of all time built by any state in any age – antediluvian or modern. Alexander the Great founded the brilliant metropolis of Alexandria on the shores of the Mediterranean Sea in the Egypt of 23 centuries ago. Not much of this ancient capital survives today. for its past glorification lies buried deep resistance. Under the Waterss of its seaport particularly. there lie gigantic hoarded wealths of a rich and varied yesteryear. We will write a custom essay sample on The Pharos Lighthouse of Alexandria – An Archeological Perspective Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Today. a few submerged archaeological sites accessible to visitants here offer recreational adventurers a whole new experience of sing ancient artefacts – in a manner no museum can ( Buckley 2002 ) . Naturally. there are even proposals to construct an underwater museum here. In these cloudy Waterss are found the leftovers of the Alexandria’s most dramatic memorial. â€Å"a tower on an island. of colossal tallness. built with astonishing plants. † as Julius Caesar one time described it. It was declared one of the Seven Wonders of the ancient universe. and was the latest building to be reckoned in this iconic list. For centuries this mighty marble and sandstone building astonished all who had the good luck to lay eyes on it — until a ruinous temblor brought it crumpling down. Today. the ruins of this brilliant ancient skyscraper prevarication buried in shallow Waterss. along with a host of other deep-set hoarded wealths. Alexandria’s greatest hoarded wealths lie 6-8m beneath the moving ridges. Out there are the amazing ruins of the Pharos of Alexandria – the beacon known as the Seventh Wonder of the World – Cleopatra’s castle. colossal columns and drowned rock Gods. ( Alexander. 2002 ) In 4th and 3rd centuries BC. during the reigns of Ptolemy I and his boy Ptolemy II. Alexandria developed into a great metropolis which became the gem of the Mediterranean. taking over from Athens as the commercial and cultural capital of the Grecian universe. Immigrants were recruited from all over the Grecian universe to the new metropolis. and shortly at that place evolved a assorted population of Greeks. native Egyptians. Jews. and other cultural groups. The first Ptolemies developed the layout of the metropolis ( based on a grid program around two chief crossing thoroughfares running the length of the ancient metropolis ) and raised some of its most celebrated constructions. An interesting ancient description of the metropolis is found in book 17 of the geographer Strabo. who visited Alexandria in 24 BC. Mention of it is besides made in Pliny’s Natural History. However. beyond such scattered literary beginnings extant today. our cognition of ancient Alexandria had been lim ited because the ancient metropolis has been continuously inhabited and built over. and small of its glorious heritage remains integral today. Further. Alexandria’s shoreline has sunk several metres since antiquity. submersing big countries of the original metropolis. Most significantly. the legendary ancient library of Alexandria which could hold provided us with plentifulness of relevant information was burnt during Muslim invasions during the mediaeval epoch. The seaports of the Hellenistic age were normally of huge size and incorporate program. The premier seaport of the period was the 1 at Alexandria. The program of this seaport is crowned by the celebrated Pharos. the visible radiation of which could allegedly be seen from about 50 kilometers off. There were two basins at Alexandria. the Great Harbor. which faced E. and the Eunostos. which faced west. The Great Harbor or the Eastern Harbor was formed by two rock moels ( one of which was 900 metres long ) . the tips of which were 600 thousand apart. though submerged obstructions reduced this gap to two entrywaies. 100 and 200 m broad. severally. Located on the level Nile Delta. the hustling port of Alexandria had no bluffs or other elevated natural characteristics to function as seamark for seamans. and that was the ground a Pharos was needed in the first topographic point. The building of it in the Eastern Harbor was started by Ptolemy I in 290 BC. After his decease. the undertaking was completed by Ptolemy II in 280 B. C. It was built at a astonishing cost and used a considerable sum of slave labour. It was the innovation of the Crane that allowed the building of both the Colossos of Rhodes and the Pharos beacon at Alexandria ( Kearney. 2004. 38 ) . The beacon was genuinely prodigious in graduated table. a wonder of ancient technology and one of the most legendary edifices in all of antiquity. standing anyplace between 360-ft to 450-ft high. It was likely constructed on the site of an earlier smaller beacon on the Pharos Island. In antiquity. the little offshore island of Pharos was connected to the mainland by a causeway. For over thousand old ages. the Pharos visible radiation guided ships in and out of Alexandria’s Potrus Magnus. the Eastern Harbor. This huge construction. lifting merely above the tallness of the Statue of Liberty. acted as a beacon to crewmans still some tonss of stat mis out to sea. and guided their class among the unreliable reefs that lay merely beyond the city’s seaports. This was accomplished by agencies of a fire which blazed at the acme during the dark and a mirror which reflected the sun’s beams by twenty-four hours. The mirror was besides used to magnify the visible radiation of the fire. and was largely likely made from a curving sheet of polished metal. Achilles Tatius likened the construction to â€Å"a mountain. about making the clouds. in the center of the sea. † Soldiers or slaves – the beacon keepers – tended Pharos’s immense fire in a great caldron on the tower’s top degree. make fulling the skies with bright fires and aglow fume. Although the scope of Pharos beacon was said to hold reached up to 50 kilometer. in all chance it could hold reached merely half that distance. and that excessively in just conditions conditions. However it had been sometimes claimed that it was even seeable a hundred or hundred and 50 kilometres out in the sea. like a superb star steering the class of seamans. Surely. this baronial construction must hold had a profound consequence on the consciousness of Alexandria’s dwellers. in the similar mode as Acropolis had on the citizens of Classical Athens. and the Eiffel Tower had on Parisians around the bend of the century. Pharos was more than a beacon. Every twenty-four hours it was crowded by visitants. Alexandrians every bit good as travellers from every corner of the universe. It was approached foremost through the Heptastadion at the entryway to Alexandria’s first-class seaport. a wall of solid granite that extended the length of seven bowls ( 1250m ) and connected the metropolis with Pharos Island ( Humphrey et al. 1998. 472 ) . The beacon consisted of three subdivisions. The base was of square building. the in-between part octagonal. and the top cylindrical. The construction was topped by the statue of Poseidon. the Grecian God of Sea. This towering construction was to be the paradigm of all beacons in the Roman imperium an d finally the full universe. For centuries. it majestically withstood the storms of tide and clip. The Pharos was described by many ancient writers and was depicted on coins of the Roman period. Writers and travellers from the medieval periods described the Pharos and the harm it received in consecutive temblors. Artists painted their notional constructs of it. The Frankish pilgrim. Arculf. gives us this prosaic history of the beacon ( ca. 680 ) : At the right-hand side of the port is a little island. on which there is a great tower which both Greeks and Latins called Farus because of its map. [ ‘Pharos’ subsequently became an etymological root for the word ‘lighthouse’ in many Romance linguistic communications. for illustration. in Gallic it is ‘phare’ ] . Voyagers can see it at a distance. so that before they approach the port. peculiarly at night-time. the combustion fire lets them cognize that the mainland adjoins them. lest they be deceived by the darkness and hit upon the stones. or lest they should be unable to acknowledge the bounds of the entryway. When Ibn al-Shaikh visited Pharos in 1165. it was no longer used as a beacon. though it was still in good form to a big extent. and a mosque stood at its really top ( Sarton. 1993. 28 ) . In the descriptions of ulterior Arab geographers the devastation wrought upon the great beacon by temblors featured conspicuously. From their Hagiographas we can besides garner that the Pharos had become a watchtower from which the endangering ships of the work forces of Byzantium might be seen. ( Due to a spiritual split. Egypt was divided from the the Byzantine Roman Empire. and subsequently on. it was occupied by the Arabs. ) An lettering found on one of its walls attests the engagement of Sostratus of Cnidus. who is most likely its designer. Forbidden by the Pharaoh to tie in his name with the tower. as was the tradition during those times. Sostratus carved his name on a tower wall. and so plastered over the lettering so as to carve the name of his employer Ptolemy on it. The builder justly assumed that the plaster would finally crumple away uncovering the name of Pharos’s true designer. Sostratus’ creative activity was wholly destroyed by the temblors of A. D. 1303 and 1323 ( Woods. 2000. 65 ) . The elephantine blocks of granite and marble toppled into the seaport and interfered with transportation for about a 100 old ages before a channel was cleared of the biggest pieces. Equally late as A. D. 1480. the stump of the tower still protruded from the Heptastadion. Around this clip. the Mamaluk grand Turk of Egypt built a fortress and palace at that place. utilizing the marble base of the fallen Pharos for walls. The 15th-century garrison of the Sultan Qait Bey today still stands on the site. For many old ages in Alexandria. narratives were told of fabulous statues and engraved blocks scattered across the sea floor merely outside the Eastern Harbor. However. for a long clip the country was a military zone and considered off-limits to scientific probe. Merely in the 1990’s submerged diggings were carried out near the garrison. uncovering major remains of the mighty Pharos. In 1960. Kemal Abul-Saadat. a immature frogman seeking for fish at a deepness of 24 pess. spotted fragments of an huge statue. one entirely mensurating more than 20 pess long. Egyptian naval frogmans. together with experts from Alexandria’s Greco-Roman Museum. were summoned to the country and after careful scrutiny verified the immature man’s study. reasoning that the immense subdivision of the sculpture was a fragment of the colossal statue of Poseidon that rested for centuries on the top of Pharos beacon. Returning to the site one time once more. the Egyptian frogmans and bookmans discovered a smaller statue. several columns. and a ample sphinx. However. the unsmooth seas prevented them from retrieving more of the fallen antiquities. and because of the clay and silt at the sea’s underside. they were unable to take any exposure. In 1968. the Egyptian authorities. via UNESCO. invited Honor Frost to analyze the site believed to be the remains of the Pharos beacon. Frost enlisted the aid of Abul-Saadat ; the latter by now knew of 100s of submersed archaeological remains in Alexandria’s Waterss. drew maps of the Eastern Harbor. specifying the site of Antirhodos Island and the archaeological remains around Cape Lochias outside the seaport. Together. they examined the site and gave a list of 17 different points located at that place. Frost noted that such grounds would be multiplied a hundred-fold through a large-scale complete study. But this would non happen until 1994. In 1986. nevertheless. the Gallic naval forces. in cooperation with La SOciete FRancaise d’Archeologie Sous-marine ( SOFRAS ) with support from Electricite de France ( EDF ) . salvaged the shipwrecks of Napoleon’s fleet in Abu-Qir Bay. Objects such as cannon. military costumes. utensils for day-to-day usage. and coins were salvaged from the site. However. except for the stray SOFRAS expedition and one or two other major events. the development of Egyptian maritime archaeology mostly remained inactive until April 1994. when the Centre d’Etudes Alexandrines ( CEA ) . directed by Jean-Yves Empereur. decided to finish the Pharos studies begun by Abul-Saadat and Frost. At the same clip. the Institute of Nautical Archeology ( INA ) established a lasting subdivision in Alexandria. under the way of its research associates Cheryl Ward and Douglas Haldane. INA besides established Egyptian Institute of Underwater Archeology in Alexandria. Fortunately. merely the old twelvemonth. in 1993. the Egyptian archaeological and preservation organisation SCA ( Supreme Council of Antiquities ( SCA ) . once the Egyptian Antiquities Organization ( EAO ) stopped a undertaking adopted by the Egyptian Coasts Protection Agency to protect Fort Qaitbay from moving ridges and marine factors. The undertaking proposed throwing 2-ton concrete blocks of the garrison to weaken wave action and protect the fort’s walls. which would hold spelled catastrophe for 100s of submersed archaeological remains near the garrison. In the autumn 1994. a squad of CEA archaeologists. in cooperation with the SCA. began an extended study to find the extent of the Pharos site. and the figure. size. and importance of the pieces. As with any archaeological site. plotting a elaborate. accurate map was a necessity. The cartography for Pharos has been an particularly ambitious undertaking. The field of ruins is one of the largest submerged archaeological sites in the Mediterranean. widening over 2. 25 hectares at a depth 6-18 m. Further. pieces frequently lie on top of one another in the sea H2O. To map the site efficaciously. the squad meticulously created a elaborate database. utilizing fresh methodological analysiss. Thankss to the computerized. methodical function of this portion of the seaport. Empereur and his squad have identified more than 2. 500 artefact of archaeological involvement scattered over a broad country. found along with hulls of Greek and Roman ships. as of 2002. Ruins of six monolithic giant. stand foring three twosomes of Ptolemy and his queen. which could hold stood at the base of the Pharos. are besides found here. But it took backbreaking work to convey these archaeological hoarded wealths to visible radiation. In add-on to utilizing the traditional method of triangulation for mensurating the site. CEA team’s work depended on set uping a fixed Electronic Distance Measurement ( EDM ) utilizing an electronic transit on shore to descry the underwater blocks. which were indicated by a reflector mounted on a natation mast. The mast was connected to a lead line placed against the four corners of the submersed block and held in place by a frogman. Another frogman on the surface ensured that right tenseness was maintained and that the drifting mast did non travel excessively much. Depending on the sea conditions. this technique was accurate to between 1-30 centimeter. It was the exclusive option until anew acoustic system was developed in 2001 ( Martin. Shalaan. 2004 ) . Today’s adventurers are equipped with the latest engineering. such as sidescan echo sounder. gaussmeters. sub-bottom p rofiling and GPS. to assist them perforate the silt-laden enigmas of the yesteryear. The high-tech epoch in fact commenced in 1992 when Franck Goddio and his Paris-based European Institute for Underwater Archaeology originally began to electronically map the Eastern Harbour. This work was the anchor of subsequently CEA study missions. In 1994. during Empereur’s extended studies. at the terminal of each twenty-four hours of submerged geographic expedition. information stored in the EDM’s memory was imported into computing machine and combines with triangulation and Global Positioning System ( GPS ) information to plot the overall site map. Partial charts were given to divers the undermentioned twenty-four hours to point them underwater and assist them add complementary characteristics of the blocks. This pioneering method has contributed tremendously to the advancement of the digging and could be applied to other submerged sites around the universe. However. this system is limited by the effects of the crestless wave. and could merely be employed near to the shore when the sea was unagitated. During the first 14-months of plunging. 100s of artefacts were documented. from Pharaonic. papyriform columns. obelisks. sphinxes. and headers to an tremendous aggregation of Greco-Roman columns. capitals. bases. and statues in granite. quartize. diorite. basalt. and marble. Weights ranged from 100 kilograms to 75 dozenss. Forty pieces were salvaged and conserved and are now exhibited in the Roman Theater in Alexandria. This work was non merely backbreaking. but was besides unsafe in many ways — as documented by the PBS telecasting plan of 1997 on this subject: As the frogmans begin to skin back the top bed of blocks. they’re on the look-out for rocks that can be linked to the beacon. Harmonizing to ancient histories. the frontage of the tower bore a dedication carved in big Grecian letters. But in their hunt for the lettering. the submerged investigators uncover some really different grounds. At first. it appears to be a headless king of beasts. But Egyptologists recognize the creature’s true individuality: it’s an ancient sphinx that one time had the caput of a adult male. The frogmans instantly start work to liberate the sphinx with the air-filled balloons. By now. the process should be everyday. but something goes incorrect. The four ton statue interruptions loose and falls to the ocean floor. hardly losing the frogmans. Empereur concluded that the site contained blocks ( 90 per centum of which are granite ) that one time belonged to the beacon. and remains of some other edifices that existed on the island of Pharos. such as the temple of Isis Pharia. Most pieces were recycled from preexistent construction in the Nile Delta and Heliopolis. a metropolis near Cairo. There are clear marks of the application of Greco-Macedonian engineering to thoroughly Egyptian architectural stuffs. throwing light upon both architectural manners and building methods of the Pharos. Though the Greeks commissioned the Pharos. it is likely that it was non built in strictly Grecian manner but besides depended on Egyptian proficient expertness. Significant sums of statue stuffs discovered and grounds of other complete constructions underwater have led to the decision that Pharos was portion of a larger complex. Empereur and his squad are still in the procedure of patching together the scattered remains of what is about surely the Pharos beacon. These submerged diggings are far from over. Every twelvemonth two runs of two months’ continuance each are carried out. The classifying of the 1000s of architectural blocks on the Pharos site is come oning. A few old ages ago. the designer Isabelle Hairy has been able to restructure the frame of a monumental room access made of Aswan granite that stood 11. 45 metres beneath the header. The jambs weighing more than 70 dozenss. the header. the slabs with flexible joint sockets for the dual panelled door all belonged to a mammoth memorial ; this was. it is conjectured. the room access to the Pharos itself. The CEA project’s chief and uninterrupted aims are to progress a clear hypothesis about the agreement of the site and to bring forth a computer-generated architectural Reconstruction of the edifices in the Pharos composite. In this procedure. it is hoped that more hints as to the beginning and devastation of the celebrated beacon of the ancient universe would emerge. Mentions: Alexander. Doug. 2002. Ancient Secrets in Dirty Water. Diver Magazine Online. Accessed on 07 Dec 2006. hypertext transfer protocol: //www. divernet. com/cgi-bin/articles. pl? id=3840 A ; section=1039 A ; action=display A ; show Buckley. Michael. 2002.Diving into History. The Globe and Mail. 19 Oct 2002. Accessed on 07 Dec 2006. hypertext transfer protocol: //www. theglobeandmail. com/servlet/story/LAC. 20021019. DIVE/TPStory/Travel Humphrey. John William ; Oleson. John Peter ; Sherwood. Andrew Neil. 1998.Grecian and Roman Technology: A Sourcebook. New York: Routledge Kearney. Milo. 2004.The Indian Ocean in World History. New York: Routledge Martin. Nelly ; Shaalan. Cecile. 2004. The submerged site off Qaitbay Fort. Accessed on 07 Dec 2006. hypertext transfer protocol: //www. cealex. org/sitecealex/navigation/FENETR_NAV_E. HTM Page. Katherine Hall. 2003.The Body in the Lighthouse: A Faith Fairchild Mystery. New York: Avon Books PBS. ORG. 1997. Treasures of the Sunken City. Accessed on 07 Dec 2006 hypertext transfer protocol: //www. phosphate buffer solution. org/wgbh/nova/transcripts/2417treasures. hypertext markup language Sarton. George. 1993.Hellenic Science and Culture in the Last Three Centuries B. C. Mineola. NY: Capital of delaware Publications Forests. Mary B. 2000.Ancient Construction: From Tents to Towers. Minneapolis. Manganese: Runestone Imperativeness